The Industrial Revolution 1800s

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The Industrial Revolution (1800s)

• Technology advances.
• Steam powered ship Robert Fulton.
• Cotton gin Eli Whitney.
• Animal drawn machinery increase agricultural
  productivity.
• Biotechnology advances.
• Edward Jenner vaccination.
• Milkmaids, cows, and small pox.
• Crop rotation with legumes.

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Birth of Modern Genetics

• Charles Darwin.
• H.M.S. Beagle, 1831-1836.
• Variation within species occurs randomly.
• Survival depends on adaptability.
• Results.
• Religious controversy.
• Evolutionary past is contained within our genome
  no matter how different we appear.

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Birth of Modern Genetics

• Gregor Mendel.
• Austrian monk.
• 1822-1884.
• Used pea plants to statistically demonstrate a
  physical factor that determined inheritance.

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The early 1900s

• Most of the studies in the early to mid 1900s
  were discoveries in genetics, molecular biology
  and protein function.
• Watson and Crick proposed the double-helical
  structure of DNA in 1953.
• Plasmids, self-replicating, autonomous,
  extrachromosomal pieces of DNA discovered.
• 1957, the year when the Russians shocked the
  world by launching Sputnik.

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The early 1900s

• Introduction of antibiotics into medicine.
• New technology - the radio, cars, and massive
  projects such as the Panama canal.
• World War I.
• Prohibition.
• No I wasnt born yet.

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The Green Revolution (1944-1990s)

• In 1798, Thomas Robert Malthus, predicted that
  the world population would reach 8 billion people
  by the year 2020.
• By the 1940s it was finally recognized that
  availability of food will be an issue.

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The Green Revolution

• Was a planned international effort funded by the
  Rockefeller and Ford Foundations.
• To eliminate hunger by improving crop
  performance.
• New crop cultivars.
• Irrigation.
• Fertilizers.
• Pesticides.
• Mechanization.

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Impact of the Green Revolution

• Significant increase in food output.
• Increase in life expectancy.
• Increase in lifes luxuries.
• Famine decreased by 20.
• Increase in standard of living.
• So what was the result of all this?

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Dark Side of the Green Revolution

• Loss of biodiversity.
• Fossil fuel dependence.
• Pollution.
• Land degradation.
• Industrialization of agriculture.

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Trust? 1970 to 1990s

• By 1975, the Vietnam war ended.
• Biotechnology began to be viewed as both a boon
  and bane to mankind.
• The information age, computers, and affordable
  travel increased public awareness.
• Biotechnology becomes industrialized.

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1990 to Now

• Mistrust of government.
• Mistrust of biotechnology.
• Personal health and safety concerns.
• Environmental health and safety concerns.
• Heard the promise but only see problems of
  biotechnology.
• Moral and Ethical issues come to the forefront.
• GMO controversy.
• Human genome sequenced.

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One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, GloFish
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Charles Darwin Evolution

• The Voyage of an Idea

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Inman, M. 2006. Instant Evolutions seen in
Darwins finches, study says. National
Geographic News. (http//news.nationalgeographic.
com/news/2006/07/060714-evolution.html)
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Recommended Readings

• Quammen, D. 2004. Was Darwin wrong? National
  Geographic.com. http//magma.nationalgeographic.co
  m/ngm/0411/feature1/fulltext.html. Nov. 2004.
• Center for Science and Culture.
  http//www.discovery.org.csc/. Dissent from
  Darwinism.

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Stasis and Change

• The Age of Discovery
• Scala Naturae The Scale of Nature or The
  Ladder of Life
• Whos Smarter? Choice (thinking) vs. instinct
  (reacting)
• There are gradations of complexity in living
  things each with an inherent hierarchy of value .

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The Scale of Nature
Ranked everything in a linear scale (holy,
animal, vegetable, mineral). What does this do in
determining value? Rights? Conscious choice?
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• Bishop James Ussher dates the beginning of the
  world at 4004 B.C.
• No phylogenetic relationships

• No evolutionary transformations
• Species remained the same (immutability).

http//taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/7Erdmp1c/teachi
ng/L1/Evolution/ppt/lecture1/sld019.htm
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Stasis and Change

• What is the difference between evolutionary
  theory and the Great Chain of Being?
• All that the Chain of Being actually needed to
  become a full-fledged evolutionary theory was the
  introduction into it of the conception of time in
  vast quantities added to the mutability of form.
  It demanded, in other words, a universe not made
  but being made continuously. (Eiseley 1958)

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Stasis and Change

• To accept the idea of change
• evidence of diversity, individual variation in
  similar things
• an ordered and classified arrangement of life
• a detailed knowledge of the anatomical structure
  of plants and animals in order to differentiate a
  living species from an extinct one (which
  requires accepting extinction)

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Order

• Linneaus (1707-1778)
• The first step of science is to know one thing
  from another. This knowledge consists in their
  specific distinctions but in order that it may
  be fixed and permanent distinct names must be
  given to different things, and those names must
  be recorded and remembered. (Linneaus in Smith
  1821)

• Carolus Linneaus

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Order

• The idea of species had no exactness prior to
  the work of naturalists of the 17th century
• Instead language referred to vague
  characterizations of the objects of nature
• But Linneaus did not accept evolution, although
  there is evidence that he suspected extinction
  occurred

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Mutability

• Naturalists of the 1700s
• were pre-occupied with naming new species
• accepted a limited time scale
• assumed the fixity of species
• used newly invented microscopes and telescope to
  look at embryos and stars
• recognized that fossils existed of animals
  unknown in their explorations

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Mutability

• Thomas Malthus published his Essay on the
  Principles of Population - survival of the
  fittest
• shows the tendency of life to multiply faster
  than its food supply, which leads to a struggle
  for existence

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Malthus Theory
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Mutability

• Gentry of the time became more interested in
  selective breeding of stock for improvement,
  which shows that
• within a single species considerable variation
  may be found some of which is heritable and may
  be controlled by breeding

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Mutability

• Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802)
• Charles Darwins grandfather
• observed adaptations of all kinds including
  protective coloration
• noted intricate web of ecological relationships
  among different forms of life
• estimated the antiquity of the earth at millions
  of ages
• recognized that through a certain similitude on
  the features of nature that the whole is one
  family of one parent
• believed in acquired heritable characteristics

Erasmus Darwin
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Mutability

• Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)
• proposed a theory that now stands in contrast to
  Darwinian theory evolution by acquired
  heritable characteristics
• assumed a living scale of life
• proposed a teleological explanation for change
• life is constantly emerging in simple forms and
  begins to achieve complexity through its own
  inner perfecting principle or drive
• environmental pressure requires the animal to
  strive (unconsciously) toward higher and higher
  branching pathways of perfection
• natural selection is not the primary mechanism
  of change

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Mutability

• Alterations in form are due to the effort which
  the animal makes to employ those parts which are
  most serviceable to it under the new conditions.
  As time passes related species may differentiate
  further and further from each other and these
  changes will be retained through heredity.
  Physiological need will promote the formation of
  new organs of the alteration of old ones. Disuse
  will promote their loss (Eiseley 1958)

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
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From http//www.jeffreybass.com/slides.htm
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Structure

• Baron Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
• a comparative anatomist, founder of vertebrate
  paleontology
• explored huge fossil remains in the Paris
  quarries
• gained a detailed knowledge of the anatomical
  structure of animals
• was able to differentiate living species from an
  extinct ones using only a small fragment

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Structure

• I found myself as if placed in a charnel house
  surrounded by mutilated fragments of many hundred
  skeletons of more than twenty kinds of animals
  piled confusedly around me. The task assigned me
  was to restore them all to their original
  positions. At the voice of comparative anatomy
  every bone and fragment of a bone resumed its
  place-- Cuvier

Baron Georges Cuvier
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Structure

• Baron Georges Cuvier
• made a clear break with the Scale of Being
  hypothesis by using anatomy to show that the
  fossils could not be fitted into a single linear
  ascending system, but was a branching system
• recognized that the more recent alluvial deposits
  contained creatures more similar to those of the
  present than strata from more remote ages

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Ernst Haeckels 19th century Pedigree of Man
showing a tree of life that leads to humans
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Time

• Catastrophism and Progressionism
• proposed as an attempt to reconcile extinction
  and the fossil record with the Genesis
  description of creation
• proposed a multiple series of creations take
  place successively in distinct geological epochs
• at the close of each epoch all or almost all life
  is destroyed and then created anew
• human life is the goal of all such creations

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Time

• James Hutton (1726-1797)
• founder of historical geology
  uniformitarianism
• proposed that dynamic forces in the crust of the
  earth created tensions and stresses which over
  time elevated new lands from the ocean bed even
  as other exposed surfaces were in the process of
  erosion
• rain, wind, frost wear away mountains
• volcanoes, internal heat of the earth an active
  agent for creating new lands and mountain ranges
• Thus, the earth is millions of years old

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James Hutton
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Time

• Thus from the top of the mountain to the
  shore of the sea everything is in a state of
  change the rock and solid strata slowly
  dissolving, breaking and decomposing, for the
  purpose of becoming soil the soil traveling
  along the surface of the earth on its way to the
  shore and the shore itself wearing and wasting
  by the agitation of the sea, an agitation which
  is essential to the purposes of a living world.
  Without those operations which wear and waste the
  coast, there would not be wind and rain and
  without those operations which wear and waste the
  solid land, the surface of the earth would become
  sterile.James Hutton, Theory of the Earth

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Time

• Two additional pieces necessary for recognition
  of natural selection
• Animal remains must be observed to lie in
  stratigraphic sequences
• Animal remains must be observed to be different
  in kind of different ages

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The oldest fossils are in the oldest strata
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Time

• William Strata Smith (1769-1839)
• a surveyor and engineer in England
• a field geologist much in demand because of his
  knowledge of ground waters and the complete
  composition of English terrain
• observed that the strata can be identified by the
  fossils within them
• the lowest levels of any superimposed strata are
  also the oldest

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William Strata Smith above, and his map, right
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Illustration of fossils from Smiths book
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Time

• Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
• published Principles of Geology, which Darwin
  read and was perhaps the single greatest
  influence on Darwin--a uniformitarian
• showed that the successive annihilations
  prescribed by catastrophism could not be
  supported by the evidence
• showed that the ancient oceans and atmosphere and
  sunlight must have been similar to what they are
  now

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Sir Charles Lyell
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Natural Selection

• Charles Darwin
• (1809-1882)
• originally intended to study medicine at
  Edinburgh later went to Cambridge
• left to go as a naturalist on the voyage of the
  Beagle in 1831 to South America

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The Beagle
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Map showing round the world voyage of the Beagle
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Natural Selection

• Darwin made numerous observations which he wrote
  down in his journal and used later in the
  formation of his theory
• On observing huge fossil Edentates possessing a
  kind of skin armor like the existing armadillo of
  the same region
• although several gigantic land animals, which
  formerly swarmed in South America, have perished,
  yet they are now represented by animals
  confined to that country and which though of
  diminutive size, possess the peculiar anatomical
  structure of their great extinct prototypes.

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Natural Selection

• Charles Darwin
• notes from Galapagos observations helped to
  reveal the mechanism of modification by organic
  change
• stepped onto these burnt-out volcanic chimneys,
  parched and blackened as an iron foundry, in
  September 1835
• of the tortoises, he said, they were so heavy, I
  could scarcely lift them off the ground.
  Surrounded by the black lava, the leafless scrubs
  and large cacti, they appeared most old-fashioned
  antediluvian animals or rather inhabitants of
  some other planet.

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Galapagos Islands
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Natural Selection

• Darwins finches
• collected as many plant, animal, insect, and
  reptilian specimens as he could from each island
• noted that finches from different islands had
  different beak structures
• physical environment was the same for all
  islands, but islands created conditions of
  isolation where variation in form occurred

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Four of 13 species of finches studied by Darwin
from the Galapagos beaks here show adaptation
for eating different insects and different seeds
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Natural Selection

• Darwin was puzzled all the way back to England
  What could account for this variation when the
  environments were so much the same?
• Lamarcks idea could not account for this

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Comparison of Lamarcks Theory with that of Darwin
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Natural Selection

• Darwin reached England in 1836
• met Charles Lyell
• talked with stock breeders and dabbled in
  breeding himself
• read Malthus in October 1838
• was a friend of Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
  who arrived at the theory of natural selection at
  the same time
• presented his views with Wallace before
  publication of On the Origin of Species

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Natural Selection

• Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species
  by Means of Natural Selection on November 24,
  1859
• It was an overnight best-seller

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Natural Selection

• Summary
• All organisms exhibit variability
• All organisms reproduce more offspring than
  survive
• Therefore, it must be that
• Those individual variants best fitted to their
  environments survive
• Those less well fitted fail to reproduce
• The characteristics thus favored by selective
  pressure are passed on to the next generation

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