Penelitian Sekunder

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Penelitian Sekunder

• Indra Budi
• indra_at_cs.ui.ac.id
• Fakultas Ilmu Komputer UI

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Siklus Informasi
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Penelitian Sekunder

• Merupakan pendekatan penelitian yang menggunakan
  data-data yang telah ada, selanjutnya dilakukan
  proses analisa dan interpretasi terhadap
  data-data tersebut sesuai dengan tujuan
  penelitian.
• History research, trend analysis, SWOT analysis,
  forecasting analysis, dsb.

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Keuntungan Penelitian Sekunder

• Murah
• Data dapat dikumpulkan/didapatkan dengan cepat
• Dapat belajar dan mengerti kejadian di waktu
  lampau
• Akan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan melalui
  replication dan menambah jumlah sampel
• Pada penelitian sosial, dapat memahami perubahan
  social (social change)

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Kerugian Penelitian Sekunder

• Keakuratan data tidak terjamin ? hasil
  interpretasi peneliti sebelumnya
• Data yang tersedia kadang tidak sesuai dengan
  kebutuhan
• Unit pengukuran yang berbeda
• Usang (tidak up-to-date)

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Metodologi umum dalam penelitian sekunder

• Mencari dan mengumpulkan data
• Membuat agar unit pengukuran yang digunakan dapat
  dibandingkan (comparable)
• Mengevaluasi data/dokumen
• Menentukan kelengkapan data
• Melakukan analisa data

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Sumber-sumber informasi
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Evaluasi Sumber Informasi

• Bagaimana menentukan sumber informasi yang sesuai
  (best source) ?
• Suatu sumber informasi bisa jadi sesuai untuk
  seseorang, namun tidak untuk yang lain,
  tergantung dari tingkat keperluan masing-masing
  orang tsb dan kemampuan untuk mengevaluasi sumber
  informasi.

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Guide to Preliminary Evaluation

• If you are evaluating a book, reading the whole
  book is not necessary at this point.
• For the initial evaluation of a book or article,
  ask yourself the questions below
• What does the title tell you?
• Sometimes the titles conveys a lot.
• Sebagai gambaran awal dalam menentukan kelayakan
  sebuah dokumen/data.

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Guide to Preliminary Evaluation (2)

• Who is the author?
• Look for information about the author at the
  front of the book, at the end of the book, on the
  cover and in the preface or introduction.
  Consider these two points.
• Bagaimana kualifikasi penulisnya ?
• Kaitan latar belakang penulis dengan topiknya,
  apakah terdapat bias ?
• For example, if your topic is "gays in the
  military," will a gay person and a non-gay person
  necessarily look at the issues in the same way?
  If you are writing about Native American
  history, do you want the views of only
  European-Americans or also the views of some
  Native Americans?

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Guide to Preliminary Evaluation (3)

• When was it published?
• Jika waktu menjadi hal yang penting terhadap
  data, maka hal ini harus menjadi hal yang penting
  untuk diperhatikan, misal data sensus, data
  penjualan, data revenue, dsb.
• Does the date affect the usefulness of the
  material for your research? Why or why not?
• Beberapa hal dapat menjadi bagian dari latar
  belakang
• If you are writing about something that happened
  a long time ago, the date of a source is less
  important. Yet keep in mind that even though the
  facts about an issue or an event of the past
  probably havent changed, societys attitudes
  might have changed a lot.
• Does the source have any special features such as
  statistics, maps, charts or lists of dates?
• Flip through the book. Sometimes there is a list
  of illustrations at the front or back.
• Is the presence or absence of these features
  important? Why or why not?

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Guide to Preliminary Evaluation (4)

• Is it easy to find what you need?
• Lihat daftar isi atau index
• What is the scope of the book or article? In
  other words, what is the author trying to cover?
• Buku ? baca pendahuluan, daftar isi, pengantar
  penulis
• Artikel ? baca abstrak, atau paragraph awal/akhir
  dari pendahuluan
• Be specific. For example, do not simply say to
  yourself "This book is about American history." A
  better answer would be "This book covers American
  history starting from the arrival of the first
  European settlers in the 1600s and ending with
  the conclusion of World War II. It includes
  politics and economic issues but not social
  customs or the effects of the war."

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Guide to Evaluation in Depth

• What is the authors main point or argument?
• Dengan kata lain, apa topik utama dan argumen yg
  digunakan penulis yg menggambarkan tujuan
  penulisannya.
• How well does the author support the main point
  or argument?
• Does he or she use evidence such as facts, quotes
  and examples?
• Where did the author get his or her information?
• Look for footnotes or other references to sources
  or people. Some of these resources might be
  helpful for additional research.

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Guide to Evaluation in Depth (2)

• Does the source contain primary material,
  secondary material, or some of each?
• Is that important? Why or why not?
• Is there any indication of bias?
• Bias is prejudice or lack or objectivity toward
  the topic. Its sometimes obvious from the
  authors identity or background, which were first
  mentioned in the preliminary guide. Yet often it
  is more subtle and can be detected only by
  careful consideration of the material.

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Getting the Best Information

• The best research requires the best information.
  Not every item on your topic is equally useful or
  appropriate. Before you wrap up your research see
  if your material passes this test of quality.
• Current
• This is harder than it looks. If you are looking
  for recent material then you need to make two
  checks on your information.
• First When was it published? The difference
  between 1980 and 1990 is enormous if you are
  studying U.S./Soviet relations. While magazines
  and journals will generally be more current than
  books, on certain hot topics even a book will get
  rushed into print.
• Second When was the information it is based on
  published? Look at the items in the footnotes and
  bibliography. When were they published? Are the
  statistics as recent as they might be?

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Getting the Best Information (2)

• Valid
• Most people forget to consider this point.
  Libraries try to collect a wide variety of
  material for a wide variety of uses. If you are
  doing serious research then you need to choose
  the most authoritative sources available in the
  library so consider two points.
• First Do you know anything about the author's
  credentials? In some magazines the same author
  who writes this week on AIDS wrote last week on
  lawn mowers. Did the author of your book get a
  degree in or work on the subject?
• Second What about the publication's reputation?
  Some publications are less reliable,
  authoritative, and accurate than others. As one
  extreme, just think of the supermarket tabloids.

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Getting the Best Information (3)

• Objective
• It is almost impossible for anything to be
  entirely objective. Everyone has, at least, a
  cultural bias. A Japanese author may view dating
  rituals differently than a British author would.
  It's not that one is right or wrong, but that the
  researcher must understand the author's
  perspective. Check at least these two points.
• First Does this author have an ax to grind? If a
  member of the N.R.A. is writing about gun control
  then you shouldn't accept that view alone. Ask a
  librarian if your sources are well balanced
  between, for example, conservative and liberal
  views.
• Second Does time make a difference? An objective
  opinion at one point in time might be totally
  different at another point in time. It is
  possible, for example, to find quotes from
  reputable American leaders in praise of fascism
  and Mussolini. But those quotes will be from the
  mid-1930's, not from the mid-1940's.

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Getting the Best Information (4)

• Complete
• Everyone has something they tend to forget when
  doing research. Ask yourself these questions to
  find your blind spots.
• First Is there a format of information that
  would still help? Did you try computers,
  statistics, maps, books, newspapers, scholarly
  journals, popular magazines, personal interviews,
  and any other relevant types of information?
• Second Did you answer every question you needed
  to answer in order to prove your thesis? Did you
  look at your research for its holes and
  weaknesses?
• Original
• Finally, are your sources as close to the
  original as they can be? For example, in studying
  President Reagans policies concerning people
  with AIDS, you can either read what he has to say
  on the topic or what someone else has to say.
  They both have some value but it is important to
  get the original source whenever possible so you
  make your own judgment and analysis

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Evaluating Information from the World Wide Web

• The Web presents special challenges for
  evaluating information. Because anyone can
  publish information on the Web, web pages don't
  necessarily go through the editorial process that
  most print pages go through.
• First, consider the purpose of the site you're
  evaluating. Is it educational? Commercial? Is the
  site advocating a particular point of view, or
  does it appear to provide unbiased information?
  Ask yourself why the person or organization is
  providing this information...then evaluate web
  sites based on
• Accuracy
• Is the information correct and accurate? Has it
  been fact checked? Where did the information come
  from?

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Evaluating Information from the World Wide Web (2)

• Authority
• Who is the author and what are his or her
  credentials? Is there a publisher with editorial
  oversight for the publication?
• Currency
• Is there a date indicating the age of the
  information? Can you tell whether the date
  indicates when the information was first posted,
  when it was updated, or when it was first
  created?
• Objectivity
• Is there evidence of bias? Is the site attempting
  to sway you on one direction or another?
• Coverage
• How complete is the information?

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Jurnal

• Artikel riset dalam jurnal biasanya paling tidak
  memuat 5 hal, yaitu
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion

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Abstract

• The abstract usually contains a concise summary
  of  
• the article's problem under investigation or the
  hypothesis,
• pertinent information on the participants,
• brief review of methodology,
• statistical analyses,
• results of the study, and
• implications of the study.
• Jangan hanya menggunakan abstract ketika
  menginformasikan ttg suatu topik
• Gunakan asbtrak hanya sebagai panduan untuk
  menentukan apakah paper tsb layak/berkaitan atau
  tidak !

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Introduction

• Merupakan body of paper, biasanya berisikan
• pengenalan masalah
• It begins with a broad statement of the problem
  under investigation and then proceeds to narrow
  the focus to the specific hypothesis or
  hypotheses of the study. 
• Tujuan, signifikansi, hipotesis
• The purpose of this section is to introduce the
  reader to the overall issue/problem that is being
  tested and to provide justification for the
  hypothesis or hypotheses. 
• Literatur review
• In order to accomplish these tasks, the author
  needs to review past research on the same topic,
  discussing their findings.

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Methods

• The purpose of the Method section is to provide a
  detailed description of how the study was
  conducted.  Think of this section as being a
  recipe with an exact description of how to
  replicate the study.  This section is usually
  divided into subparts   
• Participants/Subjects ? Sampling
• (Participants is the term used when humans are
  involved in the study while Subjects is the term
  used when animals are in the study.)
• This subsection contains information such as
• number of participants and how they were selected
  assigned (e.g., at random?)
• major demographic characteristics (e.g., sex,
  age, race, ethnicity, level of education,
  socioeconomic status)
• etc

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Methods (2)

• Materials/Apparatus/Measures
• All physical aspects of the research design are
  described in this subsection.  It lists
  everything that was used in the study to help
  others replicate it (think "ingredients" for
  cookies). 
• Procedure
• This subsection provides a detailed account of
  what happened in the study (think "directions"
  for making cookies). 

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Result

• The Results section is the statistical reporting
  of the data.  Its purpose is to describe what was
  found. 
• Typically, the writer presents the descriptive
  statistics first (e.g., summary of the
  characteristics of the data) followed by the
  inferential statistics (e.g., statistics related
  to the testing of the hypothesis). 
• Tables and figures are often used to convey
  important information in an organized manner. 

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Discussion

• The Discussion section reviews, interprets, and
  evaluates the results of the study. 
• The review of the results is done is
  non-technical language, using no statistical
  markings. 
• Discussion sections typically begin by listing
  the hypothesis or hypotheses and then stating if
  the results supported or contradicted the
  hypothesis or hypotheses. 
• Next, writers usually discuss similarities and
  differences between the current findings and
  findings of previous research. 
• Any weaknesses of the current study are also
  reviewed and suggestions are made on improving
  the research design. 
• Finally, a discussion section usually ends with
  the writer providing directions for future
  research. 
• The discussion section begins with a narrow focus
  on the findings of the study and then proceeds
  more broadly by drawing conclusions until it ends
  with future implications. 

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Kapan harus menulis kutipan ?

• Whenever you use another person's work, you must
  identify the work by using a standard citation
  format.
• Whenever using information which is not general
  knowledge and it is the result of another
  authors work.
• Whenever the source of the information is
  important to supporting an idea or argument and
  the reader needs to be convinced of the authority
  of the information.
• Whenever another authors words or conclusions
  are quoted, paraphrased, or summarized.
• Sumber yg dikutip dapat ditaruh di footnote atau
  di daftar referensi
• Jangan mengutip namun tidak dituliskan sumbernya
  atau sebaliknya, dituliskan sumbernya namun tidak
  pernah dikutip !!!

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Referensi

• Singleton, Approaches to Sosial Research 3rd
  Ed, Oxford UP, 1999.
• Research Methods and Strategies,
  http//www.seattlecentral.org/faculty/lkanne/textb
  ook/