PIA 3090

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PIA 3090

• COMPARATIVE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND POLICY

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THE MAIN EVENT

• I. Golden Oldies
• II. Literary Map
• III. Grand Synthesis

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TOPIC

• BUREAUCRACY IN THE FIELD

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Colonial Field Administration
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Basic Terms

• Terms
• 1. Local state
• 2. Local Government
• 3. Self-Governance

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Self Governance

• Direct Democracy

• Elinor Ostrom- Indiana University

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Theme Bureaucracy in the Field

• TYPES OF INTER-GOVERNAMENTAL RELATIONS
• Daniel Elazar

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The Issue A cacophony of terms

• AT ISSUE - Location of ultimate political power
  (David Easton)
• Definition of Power the authoritative allocation
  of values

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David Easton and Systems Theory
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PowerEminent Domain
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Forms of Decentralization

• Concept Transfer of authority to a lower level
  of government
• Primary Unit of Government Lowest level that
  carries a bureaucracy with it

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Nebraska Local Government

• Primary
  Government

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Finding Meaning in a Concept
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PIA 3090

• TEN MINUTE BREAK

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Decentralization

• Conceptual Alternatives

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Confederation and loose con-federal relationships

• Power lies with the sub-units
• U.S. Articles of Confederation
• European Union (EU)
• SADC (Southern African Development Council)
• Economic Council of West African States (ECOWAS)
• ASEAN- Asia (Association of Southeast Asian
  Nations)
• Mercosor (Southern CommonMarket) and NAFTA

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Confederation and Perpetual Union of the United
States of America
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Federalism Key Distinction

• 1. Lower units cannot break away from the
  National
• Unit
• 2. National Units cannot take power away from
  the lower units

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Federal Relationship

• Some power lies with the National Unit
• Some power lies with lower units
• Layer Cake vs. Marble Cake

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Layer Cake vs. Marble Cake
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Federal Examples

• USA
• Canada
• Germany - Federal Republic
• Nigeria
• India
• Russian Federation
• Austria
• Switzerland

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Swiss Cantons
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Under Federalism

• Can transfer additional authority back to the
  sub-units but not take power away from the
  federated governments
• For example, there is a debate over provinces in
  South Africa- Only weakly Federal

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Unitary Systems

• All power ultimately lies at the national level
• What power the local level has, is given to it by
  the national level
• The power that the national unit has given to the
  local level can also be taken away from it

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Summary of Types of Government
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Examples Unitary System

• United Kingdom
• France
• Kenya
• Ivory Coast
• Korea
• Peru
• Iceland
• South Africa? (Unitary or Quasi-Federal)

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Devolution

• Transfer to a non- Federal political body
• E.g. Budget and personal authority to district,
  city and town councils

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Key Distinction

• Power lies with lower level politicians
• Note Discussion of Traditional, Colonial and
  Imperial systems (Heady)
• Fused systems and the fear of dissolution

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Deconcentration

• Europe and Field Administration- Tarrow
• Transfer of authority to administrators at lower
  level within the administrative system.
• Part of routinization of Bureaucracy

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Deconcentration of Authority in Schools
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Types of Deconcentration

• Functional Systems- Sectoral Deconcentration
• Prefectoral- integrated Systems- Full Territorial
• Prefectoral-unintegrated Mixed Territorial and
  Functional

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Delegation

• Public Corporations or parastatals.
• Transfer to non-Political Board or Body
• The problem of Commercialization
• And the soft state (Turner and Hulme)

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Summary
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Privatization

• Privatization Origin and problems with public
  enterprise (Turner and Holme)
• Contracting Out (Why contract out? Why not?
  Baker and Turner and Holme)
• Out-sourcing vs. In-sourcing

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A Question? (AFSCME and Governance)

• American Federation
• Of State County and
• Municipal Employees

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Governance Issues

• 1. Democracy- the powerless of power (Orwell)
• 2. Decentralization and the critiques of
  indirect democracy the human factor (Greene)
• 3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs
  dangerous?) Threats (Morris)

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Pushing Back
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Governance Issues-2

• 4. Decentralization and ethnic and regional
  conflict- the dangers of decentralization (Heady)
• 5. The Communal/municipal model vs. urban/rural
  dichotomy (Picard)

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Human Conflict
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Governance Issues- 3

• 6. Decentralization (such as land reform) as a
  failure
• 7. Issue local government staff "bush
  postings" and Rooting for the Other Team
  (Morris)
• 8. Decentralization and Development State
  level central planning

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Biafra
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Corporatism

• The relationship between local government and
  field administration (Picard) under social
  corporatism.
• Peak organizations, interests and technology

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Italian Corporatism as Administration
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Comments?

• Questions and Discussion