Earth Science Review

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Earth Science Review
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We Have Studied

• Land- Lithosphere
• Air- Atmosphere
• Water- Hydrosphere

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Lithosphere

• Three main layers of the Earth
• Crust- Top layer. Relatively thin
• Mantle- Middle layers.
• -Core- Thickest layer. Outer core is liquid.

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Mapping

• Latitude- Imaginary lines that run horizontally.
  Tell how north or south a place is. Equator is 0
  degrees latitude.
• Longitude- Imaginary lines that run vertically.
  Tell how east or west something is. Prime
  meridian is 0 degrees longitude.

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Rocks

• Three types
• Igneous- made from volcano
• Sedimentary- sediments that are pressed/glued
  together.
• Metamorphic- used to be either igneous or
  sedimentary but through heat and pressure have
  changed to a new kind.

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Rock Structures

• Fault- Crack in crust
• Fracture- crack in rock
• Dike- fracture that was filled in.
• Strata-layers of rock.

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Aging Rock

• Law of superposition- Top layers are younger.
• Cross cutting rule- Any disturbance in a rock is
  younger than the rock itself.

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Volcanoes

• Shield- largest. Gently sloping sides. Smooth
  lava.
• Composite- layers caused by different types of
  materials in past eruptions. Ex. Ash, lava,
  chunks/rocks.
• Cinder cone- Smallest. Steep sloping sides.
  Chunky lava. Violent eruptions.

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Earthquakes

• Plate boundaries
• Convergent- Plates pressing into one another.
• Divergent- Plates moving away from one another.
• Sliding- Plates sliding past each other.

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ATMOSPHERE

• Composition
• 78 nitrogen
• 21 oxygen
• Argon, carbon dioxide etc.

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Layers of the Atmosphere

• Troposphere- Weather
• Stratosphere- planes
• Mesosphere- meteors burn up
• Ionosphere- Auroras
• Exosphere- very few molecules.

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Clouds

• Cirro- High altitude
• Alto- Mid-altitude
• Cumulo- puffy
• Strato- flat
• Nimbo- storm

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Water cycle

• Evaporation- Water changing from liquid to
  gaseous phase.
• Condensation-Water changing from gaseous to
  liquid phase.
• Transpiration-evaporation of water from the
  leaves of plants.

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Weather

• Rain- Temperatures above freezing the whole way
  down.
• Sleet- Temps. Below freezing at end of fall.
  Small balls of ice.
• Freezing rain- Rain that freezes after it hits
  the ground.
• Hail- Large balls of ice. Frozen rain gets cycled
  back into cloud by updraft, growing each time.
• Snow- Temps. Below freezing all the way down.

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Global Warming

• Radiant Heat- Heat absorbed by objects/earth
  that is emitted when the sun goes down.
• Greenhouse gases
• Carbon dioxide- From burning fossil fuels
• Methane- rice paddies, cattle, landfills
• Nitrous oxide- cars, manufacturing fertilizers

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How do greenhouse gases effect ocean currents?

• Too much greenhouse gases causes too much radiant
  heat to be deflected back toward Earth. This
  causes a rise in average temperatures which can
  lead to melting of the ice caps. Melting of the
  ice caps puts too much fresh water in the ocean.
  Too much fresh water in the ocean does not allow
  water at poles to sink and pull water from south.
  Ocean currents slow and continents cool.

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Ozone

• What is ozone? Three oxygen molecules bonded
  together (O3)
• Where is ozone? In the stratosphere
• What does ozone do? Deflects most UV radiation
  from the sun.

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HYDROSPHERE

• Percent salt water- 97
• What is salinity?- Amount of salt in water
• -Where is all the fresh water? Most is in
  glaciers/ice caps, underground/in soil,
  rivers/lakes, atmosphere

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Water terms

• Estuary-Where fresh and salt water mix.
• Geyser- Spring that erupts water periodically.
• Spring- underground water that bubbles up to
  surface.
• Thermocline- Area under top, warm layer of ocean
  where the temperature declines rapidly.

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Indirectly polluting hydrosphere

• Factories- Sulfur oxides
• Automobiles- Nitrogen oxides
• Farms- pesticides and fertilizers

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Cleaning up pollution

• Factories- Wet scrubbers
• Automobiles- Catalytic converters
• Farms- Use less, natural pesticides (insects that
  eat pest insects), slow release fertilizers, crop
  rotation.

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Directly polluting Hydrosphere

• How- Factories etc. directly piping or dumping
  polluted waste water or garbage into waterways.
• Thermal pollution- Factories piping heated water
  into waterways.