KINGDOM MONERA

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KINGDOM MONERA

• The Ubiquitous Prokaryotes

Nancy G. Morris Volunteer State Community College
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LIFE ON MARS?

• NASA scientists think that these are fossils of
  bacteria-like organisms in a meteorite from Mars.
  Some scientists disagree.

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MONERAN CHARACTERISTICS

• Prokaryotic unicellular primitive organisms
• no true nucleus
• single circular chromosome
• chromosomes of DNA only
• asexual reproduction Binary Fission
• cell walls not of cellulose

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MONERAN CHARACTERISTICS

• Most primitive organisms
• some date back to 3.5 billion years
• Diversity of forms
• unicellular,
• filamentous,
• simple colonies

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CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROKARYOTES

• EUBACTERIA
• CELL WALL OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• ARCHAEA (ARCHAEBACTERA)
• CELL WALL OF POLYSACCHARIDES OR PURE PROTEIN
• METHANOGENS, HALOPHILES, THERMOPHILES

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EUBACTERIA

• First discovered by Leeuwehoek in the late
  1600s

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BACTERIA CLASSIFICATION

• Classified by shape
• cocci (coccus) spherical shaped
• Staphylococcus
• bacilli (bacillus) rod shaped
• Escherichia coli
• spirilli (spirillum)spirial shaped
• Vibrio comma

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SYMBIOTIC EUBACTERIA

• Parasitism
• Symbiont benefits but host is harmed
• Pathogenic-disease causing bacteria
• Animals plants are hosts to many kinds of
  parasitic bacteria ex.
  Staphylococcus

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SYMBIOTIC EUBACTERIA

• Commensalism
• Symbiont benefits host neither benefits nor
  harmed
• Bacteria living in or on another organism the
  host is unaffected.
• Ex Staphylococcus

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SYMBIOTIC EUBACTERIA

• Mutualistism
• the symbiont host benefit
• Ex nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in the roots
  of legumes (Beans, peas, clover, etc.
• Ex Bacteria in the rumenating pouches of cow

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AUTOTROPHIC EUBACTERIA-- CYANOBACTERIA

• Photosynthetic Bacteria -
• have chlorophyll and use sunlight as energy
  source for making their own organic molecules
• produce oxygen energy rich organic molecules
• producers

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Nostoc
heterocyst
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AUTOTROPHIC EUBACTERIA

• Chemoautotrophs
  oxidize inorganic compounds such as hydrogen
  sulfide to obtain energy to make organic
  molecules
• Plentiful in ocean depths near vents where gases
  and hot molten material from the earths interior
  is released.

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HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA

• Consumers
• parasitic pathogenic
• some produce endotoxins
• some secrete exotoxins

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HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA

• Saprophytes
• nutrition is from dead and decaying plants,
  animals, etc.
• these are the decomposers of our world

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ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

• anaerobic bacteria require NO oxygen
• Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
• ancestral bacterial prototypes were anaerobic
  since the Earths early atmosphere contained no
  oxygen

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ARCHAEA

• Methanogens are anaerobes found in swamps,
  marshes, and the intestinal tracts of animals
• Produce methane from hydrogen gas and CO2 in the
  process of forming ATPs.

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ARCHAEA

• Halophiles requires high salt concentrations
  for growth
• found in the Great Salt Lake in Utah and in the
  Dead Sea

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ARCHAEA

• Thermoacidophiles
• prefer pH of 1-2
• found in hot springs and submarine thermal vents
  and around volcanoes
• can grow at 105 degrees Centigrade
• use sulfate as source of chemical energy to make
  ATP (chemoautotroph)