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Introduction to Opportunity Mapping

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Title: Introduction to Opportunity Mapping


1
Introduction to Opportunity Mapping
  • OPPORTUNITY MAPPING WORKSHOP
  • Nov. 30, 2007
  • Samir Gambhir
  • GIS/Demographic Specialist

2
Presentation overview
  • SECTION I Introduction
  • SECTION II Methodology
  • SECTION III Data and analysis
  • SECTION IV Future possibilities

3
Section Iintroduction
4
The community of opportunity approach
  • Where you live is more important than what you
    live in
  • Housing -- in particular its location -- is the
    primary mechanism for accessing opportunity in
    our society
  • Housing location determines
  • the quality of schools children attend,
  • the quality of public services they receive,
  • access to employment and transportation,
  • exposure to health risks,
  • access to health care, etc.
  • For those living in high poverty neighborhoods,
    these factors can significantly inhibit life
    outcomes

5
Opportunity structures
6
framework
  • The Communities of Opportunity framework is a
    model of fair housing and community development
  • The model is based on the premises that
  • Everyone should have fair access to the critical
    opportunity structures needed to succeed in life
  • Affirmatively connecting people to opportunity
    creates positive, transformative change in
    communities

7
The web of opportunity
  • Opportunities in our society are geographically
    distributed (and often clustered) throughout
    metropolitan areas
  • This creates winner and loser communities or
    high and low opportunity communities
  • Your location within this web of opportunity
    plays a decisive role in your life potential and
    outcomes
  • Individual characteristics still matter
  • but so does access to opportunity, such as good
    schools, health care, child care, and job networks

8
Opportunity mapping
  • Opportunity mapping is a research tool used to
    understand the dynamics of opportunity within
    metropolitan areas
  • The purpose of opportunity mapping is to
    illustrate where opportunity rich communities
    exist (and assess who has access to these
    communities)
  • Also, to understand what needs to be remedied in
    opportunity poor communities

9
background (contd.)
  • Evolved out of neighborhood indicators project
  • Neighborhood Indicators
  • Census 2000 data provided detailed neighborhood
    indicators
  • Resulted in surge in neighborhood indicators
    based analysis
  • Provided a snapshot of social and economic health
    of neighborhoods
  • Shortcomings
  • Each indicator is analyzed and mapped separately
  • Overlay provides a complex view, hard to
    interpret

10
background (contd.)
  • Opportunity mapping intended to provide a
    comprehensive view of any number of indicators

11
background (contd.)
  • Resulted in a methodology that captures region
    wide opportunity distribution, in a comprehensive
    manner and it is reflective of todays
    metropolitan characteristics
  • Ignores Urban-Suburban dichotomy
  • Reflective of new trends decline of the inner
    suburbs, exurbs, inner city gentrification
  • Reflective of the unique nature of each
    community e.g. Austin, TX vs. Cleveland, OH

12
background
  • One of the major applications at Kirwan Institute
    was Chicago MSA opportunity classification (in
    collaboration with Institute on Race and Poverty,
    University of Minnesota

13
Section Iimethodology
14
Methodology
  • Identifying and selecting indicators of
    opportunity
  • Identifying sources of data
  • Compiling list of indicators (data matrix)
  • Calculating Z scores
  • Averaging these scores

15
MethodologyIdentifying and Selecting Indicators
of High and Low Opportunity
  • Established by input from Kirwan Institute and
    direction from the local steering committee
  • Based on certain factors
  • Specific issues or concerns of the region
  • Research literature validating the connection
    between indicator and opportunity
  • Central Requirement
  • Is there a clear connection between indicator and
    opportunity? E.g. Proximity to parks and Health
    related opportunity

16
MethodologySources of Data
  • Federal Organizations
  • Census Bureau
  • County Business Patterns (ZIP Code Data)
  • Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  • State and Local Governmental Organizations
  • Regional planning agencies
  • Education boards/school districts
  • Transportation agencies
  • County Auditors Office
  • Other agencies (non-Profit and Private)
  • Schoolmatters.org
  • DataPlace.org
  • ESRI Business Analyst
  • Claritas

17
MethodologyIndicator Categories
  • Education
  • Student/Teacher ratio? Test scores? Student
    mobility?
  • Economic/Employment Indicators
  • Unemployment rate? Proximity to employment? Job
    creation?
  • Neighborhood Quality
  • Median home values? Crime rate? Housing vacancy
    rate?
  • Mobility/Transportation Indicators
  • Mean commute time? Access to public transit?
  • Health Environmental Indicators
  • Access to health care? Exposure to toxic waste?
    Proximity to parks or open space?

18
Methodologyeffect on opportunity
  • Examples
  • Poverty vs Income
  • Vacancy rate vs Home ownership rate

19
MethodologyCalculating Z Scores
  • Z Score a statistical measure that quantifies
    the distance (measured in standard deviations)
    between data points and the mean
  • Z Score (Data point Mean)/ Standard
    Deviation
  • Allows data for a geography (e.g. census tract)
    to be measured based on their relative distance
    from the average for the entire region
  • Raw z score performance
  • Mean value is always zero z score indicates
    distance from the mean
  • Positive z score is always above the regions
    mean, Negative z score is always below the
    regions mean
  • Indicators with negative effect on opportunity
    should have all the z scores adjusted to reflect
    this phenomena

20
MethodologyCalculating Opportunity using Z
Scores
  • Final opportunity index for each census tract
    is the average of z scores (including adjusted
    scores for direction) for all indicators by
    category
  • Census tracts can be ranked
  • Opportunity level is determined by sorting a
    regions census tract z scores into ordered
    categories (very low, low, moderate, high, very
    high)
  • Statistical measure
  • Grounded in Social Science research
  • Most intuitive but other measures can be used
  • Example
  • Top 20 can be categorized as very high, bottom
    20 - very low

21
Methodology Averaging Z scores
  • Z score averages assume equal participation of
    all variables toward Opportunity Index
    calculations
  • No basis to provide unequal weights
  • Issue of weighting should be considered carefully
  • Need to have a strong rationale for weighting
  • Theoretical support would be helpful
  • Arbitrary weighting could skew the results

22
Examples of opportunity mapping
23
Austin MSA, TX
24
New orleans msa, la
25
Baltimore msa,md
26
Ohioeducationopportunity
27
Cleveland msa,oh
28
Ongoing opportunity mapping projects
  • Atlanta MSA, GA
  • State of Massachusetts
  • State of Connecticut

29
Section Iiidata and analysis
30
Data sources
  • Census Data
  • Non-Census Data

31
Census 2000 overview
  • Information about 115.9 million housing units and
    281.4 million people across the United States
  • Census 2000 geography, maps and data products are
    available
  • Website www.census.gov

32
Geography hierarchy
33
Census 2000Short Form and Long Form
Short form
Long form
34
Short form
  • 100-percent characteristics A limited number of
    questions were asked of every person and housing
    unit in the United States. Information is
    available on
  • Name
  • Hispanic or Latino origin
  • Household relationship
  • Race
  • Gender
  • Tenure (whether the home is owned or rented)
  • Age

35
long form
?
For the U.S. as a whole, about one in six
households received the long-form questionnaire.
36
long form (contd.)
  • Additional questions were asked of a sample of
    persons and housing units. Data are provided on
  • Population

37
long form (contd.)
  • Housing

38
Census 2010
  • For Census 2010
  • No long form questionnaire
  • Short form questionnaire only
  • To all residents in the U.S.
  • Ask the same set of questions
  • American Community Survey (ACS) to collect more
    detailed information
  • Will provide data every year rather than every 10
    years
  • Sent to a small percentage of population on a
    rotating basis
  • No household will receive the survey more often
    than once every five years
  • It might take at least five years, and some data
    aggregation, to get Census tract or smaller
    geography level data

39
Available short form data
  • 100 data or short-form information
  • Summary File 1
  • Counts for detailed race, Hispanic or Latino
    groups, and American Indian/Alaska Native tribes
  • Tables repeat for major race groups alone, two or
    more races, Hispanic or Latino, White not
    Hispanic or Latino
  • Geography block, census tract
  • Summary File 2
  • 36 Population tables at census tract (PCT) level
  • 11 Housing tables (HCT) at census tract (HCT)

40
Available long form data
  • Sample data or long-form information
  • Summary File 3
  • 813 tables of data
  • Counts and cross tabulations of sample items
    (income, occupation, education, rent and value,
    vehicles available)
  • Lowest level of geography block group
  • Summary File 4
  • Tables repeated by race, Hispanic/ Latino, and
    American Indian and Alaska Native categories, and
    ancestry 336 categories in all.

41
Census basedmaps
  • Fairly simple in calculations
  • Easy to display
  • Easy readability for the audience

42
Census data issues
  • Historical data hard to get
  • Inconsistent categories
  • Block group and census tract boundaries are
    regularly updated
  • Private data providers such as GeoLytics provide
    historical census data normalized to 2000
    geographies
  • Inconsistency in data categories are minimized
    but still exist

43
Non-census data
  • Data not available at census is gathered from
    other sources
  • Good news!! It is available
  • Bad news!! It might not be available at the
    geography of analysis (census tracts)
  • Data needs to be manipulated to represent census
    tracts

44
Non-census dataExampleS
  • School data
  • Student poverty, test scores and teacher
    experience data might be available at
    school/District/County/State level
  • Transit data
  • Transit route data might be available with the
    local Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)
  • Bus-stops or train stations might be available as
    a point theme
  • Environmental data
  • Toxic sites and toxic release data available at
    EPA as point data
  • Parks and open spaces are available as shapefiles
  • Public health
  • Hospital locations might be available
  • Main issue How to represent this data at census
    tract level

45
Spatial techniques
  • Mapping software offers many techniques for data
    manipulation. Some of these methods used in our
    analysis are
  • Interpolation
  • Areal Interpolation
  • Buffering

46
Interpolation
  • Technique to predict value at unknown locations
    based on values at known locations
  • Example Weather data
  • Areal interpolation - Transferring data from one
    geography to another based on the proportion of
    area overlapping the target area
  • Data aggregation
  • Example - Transferring jobs data at zip code
    level to census tracts

47
buffering
  • Buffering
  • Creating a buffer of a specified radius around
    our data point
  • Buffer distance decision should be research or
    knowledge based
  • Captures proximity of events such as grocery
    stores, jobs etc.

48
Data issues and considerations
  • Missing data
  • Input data average
  • Z score as zero
  • Macro level data
  • Jurisdictions or school districts
  • When do we use ratio
  • Grocery stores
  • Jobs

49
Section Ivfuture possibilities
50
Future possibilities
  • Web-based mapping
  • Currently used mainly to display information
  • Provides tools to zoom to scale, identify and
    some analysis
  • Can be developed to exchange live information
  • Google mash-up
  • http//housingmaps.com
  • http//wayfaring.com
  • http//walkscore.com
  • Mapping blogs
  • Could residents go on-line and show where
    impediments to opportunity are in their
    neighborhood, or share their experiences?
  • Semantic mapping
  • Intelligence based Internet mapping
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