Anatomy

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• Anatomy Physiology Overview

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• History
• Curious because of injuries and illnesses
• Hunter-gatherer to agricultural lifestyle
• Exposure to worms
• Rise of urbanization
• Malnutrition
• Evidence of poor health from preserved bones and
  teeth
• Example child bones
• Example arthritis in fossil bones

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• Early healers
• Relied heavily on superstitions and notions about
  magic
• New knowledge required a new language especially
  for anatomy

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• Anatomy study of structure and shape of the
  body and body parts
• Physiology study of function of these body
  parts , what they do how they do it
• Gross anatomy study of large organs dont need
  microscope to study
• Neurophysiology how nervous system works
• Cardiac physiology function of the heart

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• Levels of organization
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Macromolecules
• Organelles
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ system
• Organism

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• Characteristics of Life
• Just what combination of qualities constitutes
  the state of life?
• Movement
• Respond to environment
• Growth and development
• Metabolism
• Digestion
• Excretion
• reproduction

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• Requirements
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Atmospheric pressure
• All in the correct quantity and quality

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• Homeostasis
• Balance of internal environment
• Dynamic equilibrium VARIES but within a very
  narrow range of conditions
• Accomplished through homeostatic mechanisms
• Receptors
• Control center
• effectors

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• Negative feedback mechanisms net effect is to
  shut off the original stimulus
• Example person gets overheated (room is 98
• Receptors in skin send message to brain
• Brain triggers a series of changes that promote
  loss of body heat
• Sweat glands secrete sweat that evaporates and
  carries heat away

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• Organ system overview
• Integumentary skin accessory organs such as
  hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
  (oil)
• Regulates body temperature, waterproofs body, and
  detects changes in environment with various
  receptors
• Skeletal system bones, cartilages, ligaments,
  and joints
• Supports body and is framework for muscles to use
  to generate movement

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• Muscular system muscles
• Contract to generate movement of body as well as
  movement of fluids through pathways
• Nervous system brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
  sensory receptors
• Uses electrochemical signals to communicate with
  each other and muscles and glands

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• Endocrine system glands
• Controls body activities slowly through molecules
  called hormones
• Cardiovascular system heart and blood vessels
• Use blood to transport oxygen, nutrients,
  hormones and other substances white blood cells
  protect body

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• Lymphatic system -Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
  spleen and tonsils
• Cleanse blood, immunity, circulate lymph
• Respiratory system nasal passageways, pharynx,
  larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
• Keep body supplied with oxygen

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• Digestive system mouth, esophagus, stomach,
  small large intestines, rectum
• Break down food and deliver products to blood
• Urinary system kidneys, ureters, bladder,
  urethra
• When proteins and nucleic acids break down, uric
  acid and urea form toxic and must be disposed
  of as waste balances water and salt balances
  acids and bases

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• Reproductive system scrotum, penis, ovary,
  uterus, fallopian tubes
• Produce offspring

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• Life Span changes
• Aging is a part of life
• Occurs from whole body level to microscopic level
• 3rd decade
• 4th-5th decade
• 6th decade
• http//www.secretsofaging.org/body/face.html

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• Language of anatomy
• Anatomical position
• The position of the body so that terms have a
  point of reference
• Standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at
  sides, palms forward

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• Anterior
• Toward the front
• Posterior
• Toward the neck

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• Medial
• Toward or at the midline
• Lateral
• Toward sides

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• Proximal
• Part is closer to trunk of body than another
• Distal
• Part is farther to trunk of body than another

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• Superficial
• Near the surface
• Deep
• More internal

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• Body sections (cuts) or planes
• Sagittal
• Lengthwise cut divides body into left and right
• Transverse
• Divides body into superior and inferior portions
• Coronal (frontal)
• Divides body into anterior and posterior portions

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• Body regions of abdominopelvic area

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• Quadrants of abdominopelvic area

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• Body landmarks
• Abdominal between thorax and pelvic
• Acromial point of shoulder
• Antebrachial forearm
• Antecubital space in front of elbows
• Axillary armpit
• Brachial arm
• Buccal cheek
• Carpal - wrist

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• Cephalic head
• Cervical neck
• Costal ribs
• Coxal hip
• Crural lower leg
• Cubital elbow
• Digital finger
• Femoral thigh
• Frontal - forehead

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• Fibular- lateral part of leg
• Inguinal where thigh meets trunk groin
• Gluteal buttocks
• Lumbar- lower back
• Mental chin
• Nasal nose
• Occipital back of head
• Pelvic pelvis

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• Perineal region between anus and external
  reproductive organs
• Plantar sole of foot
• Oral mouth
• Orbital eye
• Otic ear
• Palmar palm of hand
• Patellar front of knee

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• Pectoral chest
• Pedal foot
• Popliteal behind knee
• Pubic genital region
• Sacral posterior between hips
• Sternal middle of chest
• Tarsal instep
• Vertebral spinal column

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• Body cavities
• Divided into two portions
• Axial portion head, neck and trunk
• Appendicular portion upper and lower limbs

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• Axial portion
• Two major cavities
• Dorsal cavities
• Cranial cavity brain
• Vertebral cavity spinal cord
• Ventral cavities separated by diaphragm
• Thoracic
• Pleural cavities contain lungs
• Mediastinum area between lungs contains
  esophagus, trachea and thymus gland
• Pericardial - heart

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• Abdominopelvic
• Pelvic urinary bladder, uterus, rectum
• Abdominal liver, spleen stomach, intestines

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• Medical imaging
• X-rays
• Visualize hard, bony structures
• Cause mutation of DNA
• Ultrasound
• Uses high frequency sound waves
• Inexpensive and no harmful effects

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• CT computed tomography
• Thin slice of body is scanned by refined version
  of X-ray tube that rotates around body computer
  analysis
• PET position emission tomography
• Patient is injected with radioisotopes which
  produce high energy gamma rays computer analyze
  gamma rays to produce pictures
• MRI magnetic resonance imaging
• Uses magnetic fields and computer translation to
  create a visual image