Anatomical Terms

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Anatomical Terms

• Neuraxes
• Rostral-Caudal
• Rostraltowards the nose
• Caudaltowards the tail
• Dorsal-Ventral
• Dorsal
• Towards back (for spine)
• Towards top of head (for brain)
• Ventral
• Towards belly (for spine)
• Towards bottom of head (for brain)
• Medial-Lateral
• Medialtowards midline
• Lateraltowards side

front
back
(Image thanks to http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/k
inser/Home1.html)
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Anatomical Terms

• 3 different planes
• Axial Coronal
  Sagital

(image thanks to http//www-psych.stanford.edu/ka
lina/BB)
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aka Axial
Tip Notice this slice isnt symmetrical
Tip Looking down at head from above
Tip Imagine youre looking at someone from the
front
(Images thanks to http//web.lemoyne.edu/hevern/p
sy340/lectures/psy340.04.1.research.meth.html)
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Can you tell what planes are shown here?
Sagital Axial
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Getting to know the brain Surface

• Dura matter tough outermost layer of the meninges

www.pccc.cc.nj.us/science/Hager/Brain/brain4.jpg
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Surface Anatomy
The meninges is made up of 3 protective sheets of
tissue that surround the brain and spinal chord
What we see!
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Surface Anatomy Dura Matter
Dura matter Brain surface Bone
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Surface Anatomy Cerebral Cortex
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Cerebral Cortex

• Most prominent part of the mammalian brain
• Consists of the cellular layers on the outer
  surface of the cerebral hemispheres
• The cells of the cerebral cortex are gray matter
• Gray matter areas of the NS with a high density
  of cell bodies dendrites (with few myelinated
  axons)
• Their axons extend inward
• White matter myelinated axons
• Cerebral cortex consists of a larger proportion
  of the brain for primates (incl. monkeys, apes,
  and humans)

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Surface Anatomy

• Gyri ridges (raised bumps)
• Sulci grooves (creases/lines/wrinkles)

www.pccc.cc.nj.us/science/Hager/Brain/brain4.jpg
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Surface Anatomy A Brain with Alzheimers Disease
Notice prominent sulci here
Gyri can also be seen
www.pathology.vcu.edu/.../dementia/atrophy.jpg
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Surface Anatomy

• Deep grooves are often called fissures
• Medial longitudinal fissure

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Surface Anatomy
Identify these basic structures on your sheep
brain
Central sulcus
medulla
Spinal chord
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Occipital Lobe

• Located at the posterior (caudal) end of cortex
• Receives visual input
• Posterior pole is known as the primary visual
  cortex

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Parietal Lobe

• Lies between the occipital frontal lobes
• Just posterior to the central sulcus lies the
  primary somatosensory cortex, the primary target
  for touch sensations information from
  muscle-stretch receptors join receptors

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Temporal Lobe

• Lateral position in each hemisphere
• Primary cortical target for auditory information
• Left side essential for understanding spoken
  language
• Contributes to complex aspects of vision
• Ex perception of motion face recognition
• Plays a role in emotional motivational behavior

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Frontal Lobe

• Primary motor cortex a primary projection site
  for touch other bodily sensations
• Prefrontal cortex responds mostly to the sensory
  stimuli that signal the need for a movement
  contributes to memories of current recent
  stimuli regulation of emotional expressions
• Precentral gyrus control of fine movements

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Test YourselfWhat lobes are these?
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal
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Surface Anatomy

• 2 Lateral Hemispheres

http//www.hawdale-associates.com/i/imgRightAndLef
tBrain.jpg
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Cerebellum
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Surface Anatomy Cerebellum

• 2 cerebral hemispheres, separated by the vermis

Left cerebral hemisphere
vermis
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Surface Anatomy Olfaction

• Olfactory tract comprised of axons of neurons
  originating in the olfactory bulb
• Olfactory bulb receives input from primary
  olfactory neurons

Remember Olfaction is your sense of smell!
Olfactory tract
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Olfactory bulb
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Surface Anatomy Comparing Olfactory Tracts

• Can you tell which is the dog and which is the
  human? Why such a difference in size?

Dog
Human
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Surface Anatomy Brain Stem

• Brain Stem

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Surface Anatomy Ventral

• Regulation of vital functions
• Medulla
• Pons

• Vision
• Optic nerve
• Optic chiasm

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Hindbrain
http//library.thinkquest.org/26812/brainstem.html
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Medulla

• Aka medulla oblongata
• Hindbrain structure
• Located just above spinal chord
• Think of it as an extension of the spinal chord
• Function controls a number of vital reflexes
• Ex breathing, heart rate, salivation, sneezing,
  etc.
• Damage to the medulla is often fatal

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Pons

• Lies anterior (in front of) and ventral to
  (below) the medulla
• Pons is Latin for bridge many axons here cross
  from one side of the brain to the other
• Left hemisphere of brain controls right side of
  body right hemisphere of brain controls left
  side of body
• Main function relay messages between the
  cerebral cortex the medulla

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Surface Anatomy Lateral View
Rhinal fissure
Pyriform lobe
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Hindbrain
http//www.math.tu-dresden.de/belov/brain/stem.gi
f
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Make sure you know

• Superior colliculi
• To see pull apart the cerebellum and cerebral
  cortex
• Part of the visual system an important route for
  sensory information visual reflexes
• Involved in the generation of saccadic eye
  movements and eye-head coordination
• Inferior colliculi
• Auditory reflexes
• Helps to fully integrate all sound location data

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Superior colliculi
Tip Look for the butt
Images thanks to http//www.victoriacollege.edu/d
ept/bio/Brain/sheep/superiorcolliculi.html
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Inferior colliculi
Tip Just below the butt
Images thanks to http//www.victoriacollege.edu/d
ept/bio/Brain/sheep/inferiorcolliculi.html
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Pineal gland

• Pineal gland small endocrine gland that releases
  the hormone melatonin (involved in sleep)
• Posterior to the thalamus just dorsal to the
  superior colliculi (pea size)

http//www.fluoridealert.org/health/pineal/
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http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageGray719.png
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Pineal gland
Tip Just above the butt
Images thanks to http//www.victoriacollege.edu/d
ept/bio/Brain/sheep/pineal.html
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Review Olfactory System

• Olfactory bulbs
• Rhinal Fissure
• Pyriform Lobe (Cortex)
• Olfactory tract

http//www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2003/b
ristol_teo/realintro.htm
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Rhinal Fissure
Rhinal fissure
Pyriform lobe

• Lies beneath the rhinal fissure
• Involved in perception of smells

Separates temporal lobe from the pyriform lobe
http//sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/sheep_brain_dissec
tion_bi.htm
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Olfactory bulb
http//sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/sheep_brain_dissec
tion_bi.htm
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Olfactory tract
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Review Visual System

• Optic nerve (aka Optic tract) bundle of axons
  that travel from the retina (in the eye) to the
  brain
• Optic chiasm point at which the optic nerves
  cross

http//cti.itc.virginia.edu/psyc220/
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Optic Nerve/Tract
http//trc.ucdavis.edu/mjguinan/apc100/modules/ner
vous/grosscns/brain2/brain.html
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Optic chiasm
Tip X marks the spot!
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Review Brain Stem

• Pons
• Cerebral peduncles (thick area of the pons)
• Medulla
• Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus component
  of the limbic system bulge behind the optic
  chiasm

http//www.hometrainingtools.com/articles/brain-di
ssection-project.html
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Where are the Mammillary Bodies?

• Optic Nerve (stump)
• Optic Chiasm
• Optic Tract
• Tuber Cinerium (of the hypothalamus)
• m mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

Tip bulge behind the chiasm
http//www.indiana.edu/pietsch/v414optic08.html
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Pituitary gland

• Infundibulum (pituitary stalk) where the
  pituitary gland was once connected to the
  hypothalamus

http//www.hometrainingtools.com/articles/brain-di
ssection-project.html
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Pituitary gland
Tip bulge behind the chiasm
http//www.victoriacollege.edu/dept/bio/Brain/shee
p/pituitary.html
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Fun Facts True or False?

• There are more nerve cells in the human brain
  than there are stars in the Milky Way.
• If we lined up all the neurons in our body that
  line would stretch about 600 miles.
• The number of connections among neurons in the
  brain is greater than the number of elementary
  particles in the universe.
• We only use about 10 percent of our brains.
• It is possible to live with only half a brain.
• The brains of men and women are structurally
  different.
• Brain transplants have successfully been
  performed.
• The bigger your head is, the smarter you are.
• Humans typically form no memories prior to age 3.
• Now test YOUR knowledge with the pretest!!!

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Thank you for coming!
Dont forget to bring your brains tomorrow!
Colored pencils ziplock bags too!