AP World History Review

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AP World History Review

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Title: AP World History Review

1
AP World History Review

1750-1914

In what century did the Atlantic slave trade
reach its zenith in terms of numbers of Africans
exported?
A) fifteenth
B) sixteenth
C) seventeenth
D) eighteenth
E) fourteenth

3
And the answer is

D) eighteenth

In what way did the trans-Saharan slave trade
differ from that of the Atlantic slave trade?
A) The Atlantic slave trade was carried out
almost exclusively by Muslims.
B) The trans-Saharan slave trade was carried out
in much greater volume than the Atlantic slave
trade.
C) The trans-Saharan slave trade concentrated on
women, but the Atlantic slave trade concentrated
on young men.
D) The African preference for retaining young
male slaves to extend kinship lines implied that
primarily women were available to the Atlantic
trade, while men converted to Islam were more
likely trade objects for the trans-Saharan trade.
E) The trans-Saharan slave trade was much more
arduous and cruel than the trans-Atlantic trade.

5
And the answer is

C) The trans-Saharan slave trade concentrated on
women, but the Atlantic slave trade concentrated
on young men.

What was the demographic impact of the slave
trade on Africa?
A) The slave trade exported millions, but the
loss was made up as a result of the natural
prolificacy of the Africans.
B) Population in Africa seems to actually have
grown, despite the number of men, women, and
children exported to the Americas.
C) The slave trade had the impact of skewing the
population of central Africa in favor of a
disproportional number of women.
D) As a result of the slave trade, the population
of Africa was only one-third of what it would
have been without the export of men and women.
E) The African population grew as kingdoms had
more slaves.

7
And the answer is

C) The slave trade had the impact of skewing the
population of central Africa in favor of a
disproportional number of women.

How did the British organize the shipment of
slaves to the Americas?
A) In Britain, unlike elsewhere, the slave trade
was carried out by uncontrolled private venture.
B) In Britain, the chartered Royal African
Company was granted a monopoly over the shipment
of slaves to colonies in the Americas.
C) The British refused to participate in the
slave trade and attempted to intercept shipments
of slaves to the Americas beginning in the 1660s.
D) The British government directly participated
in the slave trade through use of the Royal Navy.
E) All merchant marine ships were used for this
purpose.

9
And the answer is

B) In Britain, the chartered Royal African
Company was granted a monopoly over the shipment
of slaves to colonies in the Americas

What was the political impact of the presence of
Europeans on the African coast?
A) States were more likely to form in the savanna
regions of Africa.
B) Strong centralized states began to form on the
coastline in close proximity to the European
trade forts.
C) West and central African kingdoms just inland
from the forts began to redirect their trade and
expand their influence.
D) State formation in Africa took place on the
Indian Ocean coast away from the trade routes
established by the Europeans.
E) Europeans immediately divided up the entire
continent.

11
And the answer is

C) West and central African kingdoms just inland
from the forts began to redirect their trade and
expand their influence.

In what way did the European slave trade enable
centralizing states to expand more rapidly?
A) Slaves were traded for firearms that allowed
expanding states to overpower their neighbors,
resulting in more slaves.
B) The Europeans rapidly created military
alliances and added their armies to those of
their slave-trading allies.
C) The European slave trade weakened the states
of central and western Africa, allowing the
centralizing states of eastern Africa to expand
without competition.
D) The slave trade was restricted to the coasts,
leaving the political units of interior Africa
free of European interference.
E) All slaves were shipped from a central
location.

13
And the answer is

A) Slaves were traded for firearms that allowed
expanding states to overpower their neighbors,
resulting in more slaves.

What area of Africa was least affected by the
slave trade?
A) the savanna and the Sudan
B) southern Africa
C) central and west Africa
D) east Africa
E) West Africa

15
And the answer is

B) southern Africa

What was the average mortality for slaves shipped
to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade?
A) 1015 percent
B) 1820 percent
C) 2540 percent
D) 5565 percent
E) less than 10 percent

17
And the answer is

B) 1820 percent

The slave voyage to the Americas was referred to
as the
A) Atlantic Mistral.
B) Ocean Express.
C) American Tragedy.
D) Middle Passage.
E) Rite of Passage.

19
And the answer is

D) Middle Passage.

Which of the following statements concerning the
political philosophy of the Enlightenment is most
accurate?
A) Enlightenment philosophers were creatures of
the monarchs who were their patrons and supported
the powers of the kings.
B) Although the Enlightenment philosophers were
generally opposed to the authority of the Church,
they argued that only monarchy could insure
stability for the masses.
C) Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that
did not grant full religious freedom or that
insisted on aristocratic privilege.
D) Enlightenment intellectuals were the firmest
supporters of the Church left in European
culture.
E) Enlightenment figures supported the national
regimes unconditionally.

21
And the answer is

C) Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that
did not grant full religious freedom or that
insisted on aristocratic privilege.

In what year did the American colonies set up a
new constitutional structure based on
Enlightenment principles?
A) 1776
B) 1781
C) 1783
D) 1789
E) 1785

23
And the answer is

D) 1789

Which of the following was NOT a cause of the
French Revolution?
A) Enlightenment thinkers urging the need to
limit the powers of the Catholic Church and the
aristocracy
B) the Church seeking greater power over the
royal government
C) the middle class demand for greater political
representation
D) the peasant desire for freedom from
manorialism
E) the rising power of the peasants

25
And the answer is

B) the Church seeking greater power over the
royal government

In what year did the French Revolution begin?
A) 1789
B) 1791
C) 1795
D) 1798
E) 1792

27
And the answer is

A) 1789

Which of the following was a lasting reform
passed during the initial, moderate phase of the
French Revolution?
A) universal male suffrage
B) the introduction of Protestantism
C) peasants were freed from all traces of
manorialism
D) universal military conscription
E) private education

29
And the answer is

C) peasants were freed from all traces of
manorialism

On July 14 in the first year of the French
Revolution, the storming of what political prison
provided a revolutionary symbol?
A) Tuileries
B) Place des Vosges
C) Montpamasse
D) Bastille
E) Orangerie

31
And the answer is

D) Bastille

The final phase of the French Revolution was
ushered in by the victory of
A) Maximilien Robespierre.
B) Napoleon Bonaparte.
C) Auguste Comte.
D) Partie Girondin.
E) Marquis de Lafayette.

33
And the answer is

B) Napoleon Bonaparte.

In what year did a European alliance finally
crush the French empire?
A) 1809
B) 1811
C) 1815
D) 1822
E) 1848

35
And the answer is

C) 1815

Which of the following statements concerning the
peace conference at Vienna following the fall of
France is most accurate?
A) The allies intended to punish France severely
in order to make certain that no further
revolution was possible.
B) Territorial adjustments reached at Vienna kept
Europe fairly stable for almost half a century.
C) Successful restoration of conservative
monarchies and promotion of internal peace was
achieved for a century.
D) Poland emerged as one of the winners in the
territorial realignments that followed the wars.
E) The old Holy Roman Empire was virtually
untouched.

37
And the answer is

B) Territorial adjustments reached at Vienna kept
Europe fairly stable for almost half a century.

Which political group listed below would espouse
the following statement? The political goals of
greatest significance are the establishment of
constitutional rule and the extension of the
parliamentary franchise to propertied men of the
middle class.
A) radicals
B) socialists
C) liberals
D) conservatives
E) royalists

39
And the answer is

C) liberals

Which political group listed below would espouse
the following statement? As long as property is
controlled by private individuals, inequality
will exist. It is the role of the state to manage
property for the benefit of all citizens.
A) radicals
B) socialists
C) liberals
D) conservatives
E) royalists

41
And the answer is

B) socialists

In 1820, Greece fought for its independence from
A) Austria-Hungary.
B) Poland.
C) Italy.
D) the Ottoman Empire.
E) Russia.

43
And the answer is

D) the Ottoman Empire.

Which of the following was NOT a cause of the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great
Britain?
A) natural resources
B) strong capital reserves from previous trade
C) faith in human progress and in human ability
to dominate nature
D) the absence of population pressure capable of
siphoning off profits
E) the existence of a large peasant class

45
And the answer is

D) the absence of population pressure capable of
siphoning off profits

What was the contribution of American inventors
to the Industrial Revolution?
A) the invention of the steam engine used in the
factory system
B) the creation of the first railway system
C) the construction of the first steel factory
using the puddling system
D) the creation of a production system of
interchangeable parts
E) the inventor of the water wheel

47
And the answer is

D) the creation of a production system of
interchangeable parts

Middle class women, traditionally active partners
to merchants,
A) continued to provide substantial expertise in
the direction of business.
B) gained new roles in accounting and banking.
C) withdrew from formal jobs to new roles in
caring for children and the home.
D) entered the work force in increasing numbers.
E) became merchants themselves.

49
And the answer is

C) withdrew from formal jobs to new roles in
caring for children and the home.

After industrialization a demographic transition
occurred to a new system that promoted stable
population levels through
A) government-sponsored family planning.
B) legal sanctions against illegitimate births.
C) low birth and death rates.
D) increased mortality due to industrial
accidents and environmental pollution.
E) better nutrition.

51
And the answer is

C) low birth and death rates.

Louis Pasteur was responsible for the
A) development of the telegraph.
B) discovery of germs.
C) creation of the first French department store.
D) invention of the birth control pill.
E) invention of automobiles.

53
And the answer is

B) discovery of germs.

As industrialization spread peasants in Europe
improved their conditions by all of the following
means EXCEPT
A) forming unions.
B) organizing cooperatives.
C) specializing in new cash crops.
D) seeking more education.
E) acquiring new technical skills.

55
And the answer is

A) forming unions.

Which of the following statements concerning
conservative political strategies after 1850 is
most accurate?
A) With the destruction of the liberal movement,
conservatives felt free to restore the
aristocratic bias of absolute monarchy.
B) Conservatives began to ally more closely with
socialists in order to offset the political
advantages gained by liberals during the
revolutions of 1848.
C) Conservatives ceased to play any role in the
political framework of Europe after 1850.
D) Conservatives strove to develop a new
political consensus with liberals that would
grant the appearance of constitutional reform but
retain aristocratic privilege.
E) Conservatives allied themselves with the
middle class to stop the rise of workers.

57
And the answer is

D) Conservatives strove to develop a new
political consensus with liberals that would
grant the appearance of constitutional reform but
retain aristocratic privilege.

Who was responsible for managing the unification
of Italy?
A) Benito Mussolini
B) Count Camillo di Cavour
C) Georgio Gaspari
D) Giovanni Villani
E) Antonio Gramsci

59
And the answer is

B) Count Camillo di Cavour

What German conservative was responsible for the
unification of Germany in 1871?
A) Otto von Bismarck
B) the Elector of Hanover
C) King Joseph II
D) Klemens von Metternich
E) Helmuth von Moltke

61
And the answer is

A) Otto von Bismarck

Which of the following statements could NOT be
attributed to the political philosophy of Karl
Marx?
A) Earlier socialist theories based on utopian
schemes were silly and unrealistic.
B) In the aftermath of the victory of the
proletariat, the state would emerge permanently
as a powerful dictatorship.
C) History was shaped by the available means of
production and who controlled them.
D) Revolution of the proletariat against the
bourgeoisie was inevitable.
E) History is a struggle between owners and
laborers.

63
And the answer is

B) In the aftermath of the victory of the
proletariat, the state would emerge permanently
as a powerful dictatorship.

In what nation did socialism produce the
strongest political party?
A) Britain
B) the United States
C) France
D) Germany
E) Austria

65
And the answer is

D) Germany

Who proposed evolution in 1859 as the basis of
biological development?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Karl le Blanc
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Nils Bormann
E) Friedrich Nietzsche

67
And the answer is

A) Charles Darwin

Britains Australian colonies originated in 1788
as
A) mining expeditions.
B) plantation and ranching settlements.
C) penal settlements.
D) fortified trading ports.
E) silver depots.

69
And the answer is

C) penal settlements.

Which of the following countries was NOT a member
of the Triple Entente?
A) Italy
B) France
C) Germany
D) the United States
E) Austria-Hungary

71
And the answer is

D) the United States

Balkan nationalism initially exacerbated
deteriorating relationships between what two
powers with interests in the region?
A) Britain and France
B) Germany and Italy
C) Russia and Austria-Hungary
D) France and Russia
E) Turkey and Greece

73
And the answer is

C) Russia and Austria-Hungary

Which of the following was NOT an aspect of
imperialism in the period following European
industrialization?
A) the search for markets for European
manufactured products
B) the absence of Christian missions
C) the establishment of European colonies in the
interior of Africa and Asia
D) the search for raw materials to feed the
machines of Europe
E) the need to find profitable investments for
excess capital

75
And the answer is

B) the absence of Christian missions

By what time did the shift from pre-industrial to
industrial imperialism clearly take place?
A) the beginning of the eighteenth century
B) the middle of the eighteenth century
C) the beginning of the nineteenth century
D) the middle of the nineteenth century
E) the beginning of the twentieth century

77
And the answer is

D) the middle of the nineteenth century

Which of the following statements concerning the
management of colonial enterprises by the Dutch
and British East India Companies is most
accurate?
A) The directors of the companies were little
interested in the acquisition of colonial
territories.
B) The directors of the companies made precise
plans for the expansion of company administrative
control over the governments of indigenous
peoples.
C) The companies were granted monopolies by
governments with the clear expectation that they
would conquer new territories for their
respective nations.
D) The companies were mere figureheads for the
active and direct intervention of European
nations in the affairs of Asian peoples.
E) The companies worked in partnership with
indigenous industries.

79
And the answer is

A) The directors of the companies were little
interested in the acquisition of colonial
territories.

Which of the following was the earliest example
of a European empire built as a result of
independent initiative of company agents?
A) Java
B) Siam
C) India
D) Libya
E) Macao

81
And the answer is

A) Java

In what way was the British East India Companys
intrusion into India similar to the Dutch entry
into Java?
A) the conversion of the Indian elite to
Christianity
B) the use of mercenaries recruited from among
indigenous peoples
C) the British removal of all local rulers in the
eighteenth century
D) the direct intervention of the British
government
E) effective naval operations

83
And the answer is

B) the use of mercenaries recruited from among
indigenous peoples

In which of the following ways was the British
experience in India different than that of the
Dutch in Java?
A) the lack of involvement of the British East
India Company
B) the absence of intervention in local squabbles
and succession disputes in India
C) the failure to use indigenous peoples in
recruited armies
D) the existence of a global imperial rivalry
with the French
E) the support of the British government

85
And the answer is

D) the existence of a global imperial rivalry
with the French

The territories controlled by the British East
India Company expanded concurrently with the
collapse of the
A) Safavid dominions.
B) Mughal Empire.
C) Mauryan territories.
D) Raj.
E) Maghreb.

87
And the answer is

B) Mughal Empire.

Which of the following was NOT a handicap faced
by the Indian princes in defending their kingdoms
from the British?
A) the lack of a sense of national identity in
India
B) the willingness of Indians to serve in the
British armies
C) the continued warfare among the Indian princes
D) the success of the British in winning many
converts to Christianity
E) strength of the British military

89
And the answer is

D) the success of the British in winning many
converts to Christianity

Which of the following statements concerning
European interaction with indigenous peoples
prior to 1850 is most accurate?
A) Social taboos effectively prevented any social
interaction between Europeans and indigenous
peoples.
B) As most of the Europeans were male, social
interaction was limited to sexual exploitation of
females in brothels or as slaves.
C) Mixed marriages between European males and
indigenous females became widely accepted,
particularly in Java.
D) Both European males and females intermarried
with indigenous peoples on a common basis.
E) In all cases few interactions took place.

91
And the answer is

C) Mixed marriages between European males and
indigenous females became widely accepted,
particularly in Java.

Jeremy Bentham and James Mill were leaders of
what philosophical movement that supported social
reform in the colonies?
A) Sophism
B) Scientific Positivism
C) Social Darwinism
D) Utilitarianism
E) Pragmatism

93
And the answer is

D) Utilitarianism

Which of the following countries granted
citizenship to educated inhabitants of their
colonies?
A) Britain
B) Germany
C) Holland
D) France
E) Spain

95
And the answer is

D) France

By 1914 all of Africa had fallen to European
colonialists EXCEPT
A) Libya.
B) Algeria.
C) Egypt.
D) Ethiopia.
E) South Africa.

97
And the answer is

D) Ethiopia.

Which of the following statements most accurately
describes the European strategy with respect to
the government of tropical dependencies?
A) The Europeans exploited longstanding ethnic
and cultural divisions between indigenous
peoples.
B) European colonialism depended on wholesale
conversions to Christianity.
C) In many cases, the Europeans utilized their
military superiority to carry out genocide
against African and Asian peoples.
D) Colonial rulers tended to favor Muslims at the
expense of other minorities in African and Asian
colonies because of the level of education of
Muslim peoples.
E) They were de facto independent nations.

99
And the answer is

A) The Europeans exploited longstanding ethnic
and cultural divisions between indigenous
peoples.

100

Hawaii was effectively opened to the West through
the voyages of
A) Magellan.
B) Captain James Cook.
C) Henry Hudson.
D) Admiral Farragut.
E) Francis Drake.

101
And the answer is

B) Captain James Cook.

102

Why were the Portuguese unwilling to exchange
bullion for products within the Asian commercial
system?
A) The doctrine of mercantilism equated
possession of bullion with power and argued
against negative trade balances.
B) They had none.
C) There was little merchandise that the
Portuguese considered of value in the Asian trade
network.
D) All of Portuguese bullion was exchanged for
slaves in the African commercial system.
E) They were sending bullion to England to pay
for weapons.

103
And the answer is

A) The doctrine of mercantilism equated
possession of bullion with power and argued
against negative trade balances.

104

Why did the Portuguese believe they could
successfully enter the Asian sea trading by
force?
A) The Asian empires lacked navies.
B) There was little military force in any of the
Muslim or Asian empires.
C) The Portuguese realized that their armies were
more numerous than those of the Asian opponents.
D) The Portuguese had fewer ships, but they were
more maneuverable and better armed than those of
their Asian opponents.
E) The European trade zones were easily dominated
by force.

105
And the answer is

D) The Portuguese had fewer ships, but they were
more maneuverable and better armed than those of
their Asian opponents.

106

The Portuguese won a major sea battle over a
combined fleet of Egyptian and Indian vessels in
1509 at
A) Malacca.
B) Diu.
C) Samarkand.
D) Batavia.
E) Jidda.

107
And the answer is

B) Diu.

108

Which of the following was NOT a fortified
trading port established by the Portuguese in the
early sixteenth century?
A) Batavia
B) Ormuz
C) Malacca
D) Goa
E) Pegu

109
And the answer is

A) Batavia

110

What trade did the Portuguese intend to
monopolize within the Asian trading network?
A) slaves
B) ivory
C) spices
D) cotton textiles
E) lumber

111
And the answer is

C) spices

112

How successful was the Portuguese monopoly on
Asian products?
A) For some decades they were able to maintain a
complete monopoly over Asian products shipped to
Europe.
B) Though they managed to monopolize some spices
grown in limited locales, the Portuguese lacked
the manpower and ships to sustain a monopoly.
C) The Portuguese were unable to achieve control
over any Asian products due to competition from
the Chinese commercial navy.
D) The Portuguese monopoly was rigidly enforced
over Asian products for almost two centuries.
E) Other European trade powers were frozen out of
the market.

113
And the answer is

B) Though they managed to monopolize some spices
grown in limited locales, the Portuguese lacked
the manpower and ships to sustain a monopoly.

114

Who succeeded the Portuguese as the most
successful European entrant into the Asian sea
trading network?
A) England
B) Italy
C) Spain
D) Holland
E) Germany

115
And the answer is

D) Holland

116

Where was the chief Dutch trading fortress and
port in Southeast Asia?
A) Ormuz
B) Goa
C) Batavia
D) Darsan
E) Manila

117
And the answer is

C) Batavia

118

How did the Dutch commercial strategy within the
Asian trade network differ from that of the
Portuguese?
A) The Dutch lacked a substantial navy, and could
not use warships to maintain their commercial
advantage.
B) The Dutch did not make use of fortified towns
and factories.
C) The Dutch were more systematic in their
monopoly control of a limited number of specific
spices.
D) The Dutch were more humane in their treatment
of island peoples who cultivated the spices.
E) The Dutch were more interested in establishing
permanent settlements.

119
And the answer is

C) The Dutch were more systematic in their
monopoly control of a limited number of specific
spices.

120

In what way did the Dutch and English
participation within the Asian sea trading
network change by the middle decades of the
seventeenth century?
A) For both the Dutch and the English, peaceful
commerce came to be more profitable than forcible
control and monopolies were aimed at European
rather than Asian rivals.
B) Both northern European nations abandoned the
commerce in spices in favor of cotton and silk
textiles.
C) Unlike the Portuguese arid Spanish, the
northern European nations undertook wholesale
conversion to Protestantism of the inhabitants of
the spice islands.
D) As allies, the Dutch and English were able to
establish a naval supremacy in Asia sufficient to
monopolize all trade within the Asian sea trading
network.
E) Military expansion enabled greater commercial
control.

121
And the answer is

A) For both the Dutch and the English, peaceful
commerce came to be more profitable than forcible
control and monopolies were aimed at European
rather than Asian rivals.

122

What treaty in 1757 reduced the Javanese princes
to vassals of the Dutch East India Company?
A) Treaty of Luzon
B) Treaty of Suharta
C) Treaty of Gijanti
D) Treaty of Suhong
E) Treaty of Nanking

123
And the answer is

C) Treaty of Gijanti

124

What area of the Philippines were the Spanish NOT
able to conquer?
A) Luzon
B) Suhong
C) Java
D) Mindanao
E) Leyte

125
And the answer is

D) Mindanao

126

Among which of the following groups did Roman
Catholic missionaries enjoy some success?
A) the animists of the southern Philippines
B) Hindu brahmans
C) the Chinese
D) outcaste groups in Indian coastal regions
E) Buddhists

127
And the answer is

D) outcaste groups in Indian coastal regions

128

What Jesuit missionary was responsible for
creating the strategy of converting Hindu elites
as a means of achieving mass conversions?
A) Francis Xavier
B) Robert di Nobili
C) Matteo Ricci
D) Adam Schall
E) Padre Kino

129
And the answer is

B) Robert di Nobili

130

In what sense was the Spanish conversion of the
Filipinos similar to their experience in the
Americas?
A) All Christian tenets were taught in the
language of the indigenous peoples.
B) Filipino conversion to Christianity was
predicated on political equality with the Spanish
conquerors.
C) Like the Amerindians, the Filipinos brand of
Christianity represented a creative blend of
earlier beliefs and practices with Christianity.
D) Few Filipinos were converted to Christianity.
E) Filipinos were easily converted to Protestant
faiths.

131
And the answer is

C) Like the Amerindians, the Filipinos brand of
Christianity represented a creative blend of
earlier beliefs and practices with Christianity.

132

Which of the following was NOT a European
contribution to the Asian sea trading network?
A) the addition of new routes, including the link
to Europe around the Cape of Good Hope
B) the introduction of sea warfare into the Asian
trade network
C) the establishment of new trading centers such
as Goa, Calcutta, and Batavia
D) the establishment of an exchange of new crops
and diseases similar to the Columbian Exchange
with the Americas
E) A global flow of silver

133
And the answer is

D) the establishment of an exchange of new crops
and diseases similar to the Columbian Exchange
with the Americas

134

The first Ming emperor of China was
A) Yunglo.
B) Hongwu.
C) Kangxi.
D) Zhenghe.
E) Chong Zhao.

135
And the answer is

B) Hongwu.

136

Which of the following reforms was NOT introduced
by the first Ming emperor?
A) The position of the scholar-gentry within the
bureaucracy was restored.
B) State subsidies for imperial academies and
regional colleges were re-instituted.
C) Family influence in the selection of men to
the Chinese bureaucracy was eliminated.
D) The civil service examination system was
reinstated.
E) The position of chief minister was abolished.

137
And the answer is

C) Family influence in the selection of men to
the Chinese bureaucracy was eliminated.

138

Which of the following was a reform instituted by
the first Ming emperor to reduce court
factionalism and the power of the scholar-gentry?
A) A chief minister was appointed from the royal
family to oversee all work of the imperial
bureaucracy.
B) Corrupt or incompetent members of the
bureaucracy were punished by being beaten on the
bare buttocks.
C) Imperial wives could only come from specified
noble families of good repute.
D) Eunuchs were expelled from the royal
household.
E) Exams were more complex.

139
And the answer is

B) Corrupt or incompetent members of the
bureaucracy were punished by being beaten on the
bare buttocks.

140

Which of the following statements concerning Ming
reforms in favor of the peasantry is most
accurate?
A) The early Ming emperors were completely
uninterested in the plight of the peasantry.
B) The first Ming emperor attempted to increase
the forced labor demands on the peasantry in
order to restore the Chinese economy following
the expulsion of the Mongols.
C) Despite some attempts to improve economic
conditions for the peasantry, the growing power
of the rural landlords led to increased tenancy
and landless laborers.
D) The Ming reforms resulted in a reduction in
the authority of the local landlords and the
establishment of small farming operations
throughout China.
E) Peasants were made exempt from all taxation.

141
And the answer is

C) Despite some attempts to improve economic
conditions for the peasantry, the growing power
of the rural landlords led to increased tenancy
and landless laborers.

142

Which of the following statements concerning Ming
social organization is most accurate?
A) The adoption of more Buddhist beliefs began to
break down the strict patterns of deference that
had been customary in Han and Song China.
B) Occupational alternatives for women of all
social levels dramatically expanded during the
Ming era.
C) Among the groups granted almost total freedom
from the bonds of social status were the students
seeking entry into the scholar-gentry.
D) Under the continued influence of neo-Confucian
ideology, Ming society remained rigidly
stratified with emphasis on deference of youth to
elders and women to men.
E) Social roles were more flexible than before.

143
And the answer is

D) Under the continued influence of neo-Confucian
ideology, Ming society remained rigidly
stratified with emphasis on deference of youth to
elders and women to men.

144

Which of the following reasons is at least in
part responsible for the peopling of the Yangtze
region in the southern part of China during the
Ming era?
A) the introduction of crops from the Americas
that could be cultivated on inferior soils that
did not require irrigation
B) the enforced migration of remaining Mongols
within the Chinese population to the region of
the Yangtze
C) the abandonment of rice and millet cultivation
in the region in favor of wheat introduced by
Portuguese merchants
D) the opening of the region to settlement from
Siam and Vietnam
E) the Song left the area open and neglected

145
And the answer is

A) the introduction of crops from the Americas
that could be cultivated on inferior soils that
did not require irrigation

146

Where were foreigners permitted to do business in
China during the Ming era?
A) at any port
B) only at the Ming capital at Beijing
C) at Macao and Canton
D) nowhere
E) at Hong Kong

147
And the answer is

C) at Macao and Canton

148

Which of the following statements concerning the
Ming economy is most accurate?
A) Merchants failed to realize profits from the
Ming commercial boom.
B) Almost all commercial profits were reinvested
in trade.
C) The Chinese government did not tax trade, thus
did not profit from commercial growth.
D) Much merchant wealth was invested in land as a
means of social advancement.
E) European markets became increasingly
important.

149
And the answer is

D) Much merchant wealth was invested in land as a
means of social advancement.

150

In terms of literature, what was the chief
accomplishment of the Ming era?
A) poetry
B) narrative history
C) the novel
D) haiku
E) Journalism

151
And the answer is

C) the novel

152

During the reign of what Ming emperor did the
Chinese launch commercial expeditions to
Southeast Asia, Persia, and Africa?
A) Hongwu
B) Yunglo
C) Chongzhen
D) Kangxi
E) Zheng He

153
And the answer is

B) Yunglo

154

Why did the Chinese abandon the commercial
voyages of the Zhenghe expeditions?
A) Many of the ships were lost as a result of
poor ship design and inadequate sailing
technology.
B) The size of the fleets was so limited that
they could not compete with the greater capacity
of the European voyages.
C) There was little of value for the Chinese to
import in trade, and the voyages were expensive
to carry out.
D) The trade with foreign regions produced a
negative balance of trade for China that drained
bullion from imperial coffers.
E) Chinese commerce was not competitive enough.

155
And the answer is

C) There was little of value for the Chinese to
import in trade, and the voyages were expensive
to carry out.

156

In what way did the Jesuit missionaries maintain
their positions at the court of the Ming
emperors?
A) by converting Yunglo to Christianity
B) by maintaining a small but powerful European
army in the Chinese capital
C) by accepting the support of the scholar-gentry
D) by demonstrating knowledge of scientific and
technological skills
E) by becoming eunuchs

157
And the answer is

D) by demonstrating knowledge of scientific and
technological skills

158

What group successfully asserted its control over
China following the collapse of the Ming dynasty?
A) the Mongols
B) the Hsiung-nu
C) the Jurchens or Manchus
D) the Portuguese
E) the Uighurs

159
And the answer is

C) the Jurchens or Manchus

160

What dynasty succeeded the Ming in China?
A) Han
B) Song
C) Qing
D) Chou
E) Manchu

161
And the answer is

C) Qing

162

Which of the following was NOT one of the three
military centralizers of Japan?
A) Nobunaga
B) Hiata Ashikaga
C) Hirohito
D) Murasaki
E) Tojo

163
And the answer is

B) Hiata Ashikaga

164

In what year was the Tokugawa Shogunate founded,
marking the re-establishment of central
government in Japan?
A) 1593
B) 1603
C) 1633
D) 1653
E) 1854

165
And the answer is

B) 1603

166

Why did the earliest of the Japanese military
centralizers accept Christian missionaries?
A) His wife was a Christian who was able to exert
her influence throughout his household.
B) The Portuguese supplied a large army to rulers
who offered to accept Christianity.
C) Christianity was seen as a counterforce to the
Buddhist orders that opposed the imposition of
central rule.
D) Prior to his first military victory, Nobunaga
saw a cross in the sky.
E) He was intimidated by the military might of
the Portuguese.

167
And the answer is

C) Christianity was seen as a counterforce to the
Buddhist orders that opposed the imposition of
central rule.

168

Which of the following was NOT a policy imposed
as a result of Japanese isolation in the
seventeenth century?
A) Christianity was banned and Christians were
persecuted.
B) Foreign traders were confined to the island of
Deshima in Nagasaki Bay.
C) Neo-Confucian philosophy gave way to the
influence of thinkers who championed the school
of National Learning.
D) The Japanese elite abandoned all contact with
Western learning and technological advance.
E) Western books were banned.

169
And the answer is

D) The Japanese elite abandoned all contact with
Western learning and technological advance.

170

Which of the following statements concerning the
political philosophy of the Enlightenment is most
accurate?
A) Enlightenment philosophers were creatures of
the monarchs who were their patrons and supported
the powers of the kings.
B) Although the Enlightenment philosophers were
generally opposed to the authority of the Church,
they argued that only monarchy could insure
stability for the masses.
C) Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that
did not grant full religious freedom or that
insisted on aristocratic privilege.
D) Enlightenment intellectuals were the firmest
supporters of the Church left in European
culture.
E) Enlightenment figures supported the national
regimes unconditionally.

171
And the answer is

C) Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that
did not grant full religious freedom or that
insisted on aristocratic privilege.

172

Which of the following statements is most
accurate?
A) Western Europe experienced a huge population
jump after about 1730.
B) Western Europes population was devastated by
a series of wars and epidemics at the beginning
of the eighteenth century.
C) Poverty and poor nutrition led to a stagnation
of the European population until 1840.
D) The most significant factor in the movement of
population in the eighteenth century was the
increased mortality among children leading to
fewer survivors.
E) Womens labor became more important to the
economy.

173
And the answer is

A) Western Europe experienced a huge population
jump after about 1730.

174

Above all, population pressure in the eighteenth
century
A) led to wholesale replacement of officeholders
among the elite.
B) drove many people into the working-class
proletariat.
C) led the business classes to reduce the number
of children in their families.
D) caused the middle classes to reduce
risk-taking.
E) eased from the fourteenth century forward.

175
And the answer is

B) drove many people into the working-class
proletariat.

176

Proto-industrialization refers to
A) the strictly agricultural economy that
preceded the Industrial Revolution.
B) the development of the rural factory system.
C) the employment of laborers who worked at home
but in a capitalist system dependent on urban
merchants.
D) the development of systems of transportation
and communication necessary for full
industrialization.
E) early industries which were partly mechanized

177
And the answer is

C) the employment of laborers who worked at home
but in a capitalist system dependent on urban
merchants.

178

) Population upheaval and the spread of a
propertyless working class working for money led
to which of the following developments?
A) an increase in the authority of the male heads
of households
B) a general acceptance of authority, whether
domestic or political
C) a decline in the percentage of illegitimate
births
D) the adoption of more urban styles of dress
E) lower levels of education

179
And the answer is