Chapter 5 Ancient Egypt

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Chapter 5 Ancient Egypt

• Agenda
• Chapter 5 Notes
• Read pages 155-161

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Gift of the Nile

• The Nile is 4,160 miles long the worlds
  longest river.
• It begins near the equator in Africa and flows
  north to the Mediterranean Sea.

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The Nile River
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Animals of the Nile
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Geography of Ancient Egypt

• A delta is an area near a rivers mouth where the
  water deposits fine soil called silt.
• In the delta the Nile divides into many tiny
  streams.
• The river is called the upper Nile in the south
  and the lower Nile in the north.
• For centuries, heavy rains in Ethiopia would
  cause the Nile to flood every summer.

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Egyptian Crops

• Egyptians were the first to weave fibers from
  flax plants into a fabric called linen.
• Lightweight linen cloth was perfect for hot
  Egyptian days.

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Egyptian Houses

• Egyptians built houses using bricks made of mud
  from the Nile mixed with chopped straw.
• They placed narrow windows high in the walls to
  reduce bright sunlight.

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• Agenda
• Chapter 5 sec 2 Notes
• National Geographic Video
• Projects Due Friday!!!!

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Life in Ancient Egypt

• Rulers and Priest
• One of the highest jobs in Egypt was to be a
  priest.
• Priest followed formal rituals and took care of
  the temples.
• Before entering a temple a priest bathed and put
  on special linen garments and white sandals.
• Priests cleaned the sacred statues in the
  temples, changed their clothes, and even fed them
  meals.

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Astronomy

• Egyptians developed the worlds first practical
  calendar.
• Egyptian priest studied the sky as part of their
  religion.
• They noticed that a star now called Sirius
  appeared shortly before the Nile began to flood.
• The star returned to the same position in 365
  days.

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Pyramids of Giza

• The Egyptians used measurement from the stars to
  align pyramid and temples with Earths four
  cardinal directions. The priest-astronomers were
  amazingly accurate in making the foundations of
  the buildings. The four sides of the Great
  Pyramid are aligned to face north, east, south,
  and west with less than a half degree of error.

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Hieroglyphs

• Egyptians developed a writing system using
  hieroglyphs.
• Hieroglyphs are pictures that stand for different
  words or sounds.
• The Egyptians also developed a paper like
  material called papyrus.

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Beliefs and Religion

• An afterlife is a life believed to follow death.
• Egyptians believed their prosperity could
  continue with a happy afterlife.
• Not all ancient cultures shared the Egyptians
  beliefs.
• For example, the Sumerians thought that the
  afterlife was miserable.

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Many Gods

• Polytheism is a belief in many gods.
• The Egyptians worshiped gods that were related to
  the afterlife and to parts of nature such as
  the sun, the river, and plant life.
• Re the sun god
• Osiris god who judge Egyptians after death
• Isis a fertility goddess who was Osiris wife.
• Anubis a god of the dead.

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Re or later called Amon-Re
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Osiris
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Isis
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Anubis
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Egyptian Afterlife

• The Egyptian belief in the afterlife stemmed from
  their idea of ka, or a persons life force.
• When a person died, his or her ka left their body
  and became a spirit.
• The ka remained linked to the body and could not
  leave its burial site. However, it had all the
  same needs that the person had when he or she was
  living.
• It needed to eat, sleep, and be entertained.

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To fulfill the kas needs

• People filled the tombs with objects for the
  afterlife.
• These objects included furniture, clothing,
  tools, jewelry, and weapons.
• Relatives of the dead were expected to bring food
  and beverages to their loved ones tomb so the ka
  would not be hungry or thirsty.

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Burial Practices

• Egyptians believed a body needed to be prepared
  for the afterlife before it could be placed in a
  tomb.
• If the body decayed its spirit could not be
  recognized in the afterlife.
• That would break the link between the body and
  spirit.
• The ka would then be unable to receive the food
  and drink it needed.

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Making Mummies

• Egyptians thought they would need their bodies in
  the afterlife, so they embalmed dead people.
• Embalm means to preserve a body after death.

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Making Mummies

• First, embalmers removed all organs except the
  heart.
• Embalmers stored the removed organs in special
  jars.
• Next, they filled the body with a mixture of salt
  and herbs to make a mummy.
• A mummy is a body that has been dried so it wont
  decay.

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Making Mummies

• When dry, the mummy was wrapped in hundreds of
  yards of linen strips.
• The whole process of embalming and wrapping took
  about 70 days.
• Embalming was expensive, and not everyone could
  afford it.

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Tomb or Sarcophagus

• The mummy was placed in a coffin inside a tomb.
• The tomb also held everyday objects, furniture,
  and food.
• Scenes from the persons life were painted on the
  walls.
• The Egyptians expected these pictures to become
  real so that the dead person could use them in
  the afterlife.
• Peasant families buried their dead in shallow
  graves at the edge of the desert. The hot, dry
  sand preserved the bodies naturally.

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Mummification
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King Tutankhamens Tomb

• The untouched treasure was found in the tomb of
  Tutankhamen, who is sometimes called King Tut.
  The tomb of this seemingly unimportant pharaoh
  who reigned for only about ten years is
  particularly famous for the magnificent gold
  objects it contained.

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King Tut

• Inside a stone sarcophagus, Tutankhamens mummy
  lay within three coffins. The inner coffin was
  made of solid gold, and the two outer ones were
  wood covered with gold. Four shrines of gold
  hammered over wood were also found in the burial
  chamber, and the body was covered with jewelry.
  The Kings funeral mask was made of gold as well.

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King Tut

• Scientists suggested, that the loose sliver of
  bone was loosened by the embalmers during
  mummification, but it had been broken before. A
  blow to the back of the head (from a fall or an
  actual blow), caused the brain to move forward,
  hitting the front of the skull, breaking small
  pieces of the bone right above the eyes

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King Tut

• What he may have looked like

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October 28, 2009

• Agenda
• Narrative
• Projects Due Tomorrow
• Chapter 5 notes and video clip
• Read pages 173-177

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Fill in the blanks

• 1.) One of the highest jobs in Egypt was to be a
  _____________.
• 2.) Egyptians developed the worlds first
  practical _________.
• 3.) _______are pictures that stand for different
  words or sounds.
• 4.) __________ is a belief in many gods.
• 5.)The word _______ meant Great House.
• 6.)Egyptians thought they would need their bodies
  in the afterlife, so they ________ dead people.

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First Dynasty

• The first dynasty of the Egyptian empire began
  about 2925 B.C.
• A dynasty is a line of rulers from the same
  family.
• When a king died one of his children usually took
  his place as ruler.
• The order in which a family member inherits the
  throne is called succession.
• Historians divided ancient Egyptian dynasties
  into Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New
  Kingdom.

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Pharaohs Rule

• The king of Egypt became known as the pharaoh.
• The word pharaoh meant great house, and it was
  originally used to describe the kings palace.
• The pharaoh ruled from the capital city of
  Memphis.

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Pyramids

• Pyramids huge, stone tombs with four
  triangle-shaped sides that met in a point on top.
• Historians do not know how the ancient Egyptians
  built the pyramids.
• What is certain is the that such massive projects
  required a huge labor force.

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Significance of the Pyramids

• Burial in a pyramid showed a pharaohs
  importance.
• Both the size and shape of the pyramid were
  symbolic.
• Pointing the sky, the pyramid symbolized the
  pharaohs journey in the afterlife.
• Egyptians wanted the pyramids to be spectacular
  because they believed the pharaoh controlled
  everyones afterlife.
• Making the pharaoh spirit happy was a way of
  ensuring happiness in ones own afterlife.

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Khufu

• About 80 years later, a pharaoh named Khufu
  decided he wanted a monument that would show the
  world how great he was.
• He ordered the construction of the greatest
  pyramid ever built. Along its base, each side was
  about 760 feet long. The core was built from 2.3
  million blocks of stone.
• Miners cut the huge blocks of stone using copper
  saws and chisels.
• Workers dragged each heavy block hundreds feet
  and then set it in place.

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Grave Robbers

• Eventually, Egyptians stopped building pyramids.
  One reason is that the pyramids drew attention to
  the tomb inside them.
• Grave robbers broke into tombs to steal the
  treasure buried with the pharaohs.
• Sometimes they even stole the mummies.
• Egyptians believed if a tomb was robbed, the
  person buried there could not have a happy
  afterlife.

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Middle Kingdom

• By about 2130 B.C., Egyptian kings began to lose
  their power to local rulers of provinces.
• For about 500 more years, the kings held Egypt
  together, but with a much weaker central
  government.
• This period of Egyptian history is called the
  Middle Kingdom.

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Assignment

• Read pages 164-170
• Complete the Activity on page 167
• Writing a Narrative.
• Look at the illustration on pages 140-141 and
  reread The Great Pyramid on page 167.
• Write a narrative story about one of the workers.
• 2 paragraphs

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The New Kingdom

• Queen Hatshepsut was the first woman to rule as a
  pharaoh.
• She was the wife of a pharaoh who died soon after
  he took power.
• Hatshepsut then ruled with her stepson, Thutmose
  III.
• In 1472 B.C., she declared herself the only
  ruler. She wore a false beard reserved for
  pharaohs alone.

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Trade Grows

• Unlike other New Kingdom Pharaohs, Hatshepsut did
  not only expand Egypt by waging war.
• She also wanted to make Egypt richer through
  trade.
• Her biggest trading expedition crossed the
  eastern desert to the Red Sea.
• These traders brought back rare herbs, spices,
  scented woods, live monkeys, and potted trees for
  making incense.

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Hatshepsuts Monuments

• Like other pharaohs, she was eager to proclaim
  her glory.
• One type of monument she erected was the obelisk.
• An Obelisk is a four-sided shaft with a
  pyramid-shaped top.
• She had tall obelisks carved from blocks of red
  granite.
• On them, artisans used hieroglyphs to record her
  great deeds.
• After ruling for 15 years she disappeared.

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Queen Hatshepsut
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Mysterious End

• She may have died peacefully, or Thutmose III may
  have killed her.
• Thutmose became pharaoh and tried to destroy all
  records of Hatshepsuts reign.
• Archaeologist were able to restore her damaged
  temple and tomb.

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New Belief

• When Akhenaton became pharaoh in 1353 B.C., he
  lifted the sun god to the highest status.
• Akhenaton changed Egypts religion.
• He closed the temples of other gods
• Promoted the worship of only one god for the
  first time in Egyptian history.
• Priests who served the other gods lost power
• Priests feared he may have upset the old gods
• Akhenaton move about 200 miles away from them to
  a new capital city called Akhetaton.

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Reform Ends

• Akhenatons new religion did not last long.
• Three years after his death, a young relative
  named Tutankhamen became pharaoh in 1333 B.C.
• This boy relied on advisers to help him rule
  Egypt.
• They convinced Tutankhamen to reject the new
  religion and worship the old gods.

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A Powerful Pharaoh

• In 1279 B.C., 44 years after Tutankhamen died,
  Ramses II took the throne.
• His 66-year reign was among the longest in
  history . He expanded the Egyptian empire.
• Ramses was bold in honoring himself.
• He built a city called the House of Ramses.
• Four 66 foot statues of himself guarded his
  temple
• The statues ears were three feet long!
• He wanted to appear godlike.
• Ramses II reigned until 1213 B.C., when he was
  more than 90 years old. Having one ruler for 66
  years made the Egyptian government Stable.
• Egypt was never quite the same after Ramses died.
  Gradually, the central government weakened.

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Assignment

• Read pages 173-177
• On page 177 answer 1, 3-5