UNIT: CLASH OF BELIEFS, RECONSTRUCTION

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UNIT CLASH OF BELIEFS,RECONSTRUCTION

• SSUSH10 The student will identify legal,
  political, and social dimensions of
• Reconstruction.
• a. Compare and contrast Presidential
  Reconstruction with Radical Republican
  Reconstruction.
• b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the
  South among the former slaves and provide
  advanced education (e.g., Morehouse College) and
  describe the role of the Freedmens Bureau.
• c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th,
  and 15th amendments.
• d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and
  other forms of resistance to racial equality
  during Reconstruction.
• e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in
  relationship to Reconstruction
• f. Analyze how the presidential election of 1876
  and the subsequent compromise of 1877 marked the
  end of Reconstruction.

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RECONSTRUCTION

• The unit concludes with a focus on the beliefs
  and ideals of political reconstruction of the
  South and the struggles of newly freed
  African-Americans.

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RECONSTRUCTION

• Reconstruction is the era in the U.S. history
  from 1865 to 1877, when the U.S. focused on
  abolishing slavery, destroying all traces of the
  Confederacy, establishing the rights of Freedmen,
  the name used for freed slaves, and through three
  new constitutional amendments, strengthening the
  role of the federal governments and its courts.

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RECONSTRUCTION

• TYPES OF RECONSTRUCTION
• 1. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
• 2. RADICAL REPUBLICAN RECONSTRUCTION

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RECONSTRUCTION
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OPPOSITION TO RECONSTRUCTION
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PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION

• 1. PLAN OF PRES. A. LINCOLN AND PRES. ANDREW
  JOHNSON (DISCUSSED IN 2ND INAUGURAL ADDRESS)
• 2. URGED NO REVENGE ON THE S
• 3. ADMIT S BACK INTO UNION ASAP
• 4. REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS WERE OUTRAGED, THOUGH,
  THAT NEW STATE GOVERNMENTS IN S WERE PASSING LAWS
  ALLOWING DISCRIMINATION AGAINST BLACKS, THE NEWLY
  FREED SLAVES.

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RADICAL REPUBLICAN RECONSTRUCTION

• 1. OPPOSED TO PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION OF
  PRES. JOHNSON
• 2. CONGRESS FORCED STATES IN S. TO REAPPLY FOR
  ADMISSION TO UNION AND MAKE PROGRESS FOR RIGHTS
  OF BLACKS.
• 3. RESULT CREATION OF GOVTS WITH BLACKS
  INVOLVED
• 4. MAJOR LEGISLATION WHICH BECAME LAWS IN USC TO
  PROTECT RIGHTS OF BLACKS
• 1) CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS TO THE USC

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CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS

• 1. AMENDMENT 13 ABOLISHED SLAVERY
• 2. AMENDMENT 14 CITIZENSHIP FOR ALL PERSONS
  BORN IN USA (INCLUDING BLACKS) AND GUARANTEE OF
  RIGHT OF DUE PROCESS
• 3. AMENDMENT 15 SUFFRAGE FOR ALL MALES AGE 21
  AND OLDER

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GAINS OF BLACK AMERICANS DURING RECONSTRUCTION

• 1. ESTABLISHED FREE SCHOOLS
• 2. STARTED NEWSPAPERS
• 3. SERVED IN PUBLIC OFFICE
• 4. ESTABLISHED NEW COLLEGES
• 1) MOREHOUSE, ATLANTA, 1867, FOR MINISTRY AND
  EDUCATION

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MOREHOUSE COLLEGE

• Morehouse College is a private, all-male,
  historically black college located in Atlanta,
  Georgia. It is one of four remaining traditional
  mens colleges in the United States.
• Located on a 61 acre (247,000 m²) campus, the
  college has an enrollment of 3,000 students. The
  student-faculty ratio of the campus is 161 and
  100 of the school's tenure-track faculty hold
  terminal degrees. Along with Clark Atlanta
  University, Interdenominational Theological
  Center, Morehouse School of Medicine and nearby
  women's college Spelman College, Morehouse is
  part of the Atlanta University Center.

• WILLIAM JEFFERSON WHITE
• RICHARD C. COULTER
• On May 16, 2008, Joshua Packwood became the first
  white valedictorian to graduate in the school's
  141-year history.

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GAINS, CONTINUED

• 5. CONGRESS ESTABLISHED THE FREEDMENS BUREAU TO
  HELP BLACKS MAKE TRANSITION TO FREEDOM.
• 6. BLACKS HAD FEW SKILLS. MOST CONTINUED TO
  FARM BY SHARECROPPING OR TENANT FARMING.

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FARMING

• 1) Sharecropping is a system of agriculture or
  agricultural production in which a landowner
  allows a tenant to use the land in return for a
  share of the crop produced on the land
• 2) Tenant farming is farming by one who resides
  on and farms land owned by a landlord.

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THE MAJOR EVENT OF RECONSTRUCTION

• IMPEACHMENT OF PRES. ANDREW JOHNSON
• 1. IMPEACHMENT-FORMAL CHARGE OF MISCONDUCT IN
  OFFICE (NOT REMOVAL FROM OFFICE)
• 2. Johnson was impeached for the charge of High
  Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868, of
  which one of the articles of impeachment was
  violating the Tenure of Office Act. (REMOVED A
  CABINET OFFICIAL WITHOUT CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL)
• 3. RADICAL REPUBLICANS IMPEACHED JOHNSON BECAUSE
  HE IGNORED LAWS THEY HAD PASSED TO LIMIT
  PRESIDENTS POWER.
• 4. THE LAWS HAD BEEN PASSED TO STOP JOHNSON FROM
  LIMITING THE RADICALS HOSTILE TREATMENT OF
  SOUTHERN STATES.

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IMPEACHMENT TRIAL IN SENATE OF PRESIDENT ANDREW
JOHNSON
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• The SituationA Harper's Weekly cartoon gives a
  humorous breakdown of "the situation". Secretary
  of War Edwin Stanton aims a cannon labeled
  "Congress" on the side at President Andrew
  Johnson and Lorenzo Thomas to show how Stanton
  was using congress to defeat the president and
  his unsuccessful replacement. He also holds a
  rammer marked "Tenure of Office Bill" and cannon
  balls on the floor are marked "Justice". Ulysses
  S. Grant and an unidentified man stand to
  Stanton's left.

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• Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 July 31,
  1875) was the 17th President of the United States
  (186569), succeeding to the Presidency upon the
  assassination of Abraham Lincoln. He was the
  first U.S. President to be impeached.

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RECONSTRUCTIONRESISTANCE TO RACIAL EQUALITY

• 1. FORMER SLAVE STATES IN S ENACTED BLACK CODES.
• 2. BLACK CODES RESTRICTED FREED BLACKSDEPRIVED
  BLACKS OF RIGHTS, ESPECIALLY VOTING (SUFFRAGE.)
• 3. FORMATION OF KKK, KU KLUX, KLAN
• 4. CARPETBAGGERS-NORTHERNERS WHO HELPED BLACKS
• 5. SCALAWAGS-SOUTHERNERS WHO HELPED BLACKS AND
  CARPETBAGGERS

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FINAL THOUGHTS, RECONSTRUCTION

• 1. MOST WHITE, SOUTHERNERS RESISTED
  RECONSTRUCTION.
• 2. RECONSTRUCTION ENDED WHEN FEDERAL TROOPS WERE
  WITHDRAWN FROM S IN 1877.
• 3. SOUTHERN WHITES REGAINED CONTROL OF STATE
  GOVTS.
• 4. UNLAWFUL SEGREGATION BEGAN.

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THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION

• THE ELECTION OF 1876
• THE COMPROMISE OF 1877

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ELECTION OF 1876

• The United States presidential election of 1876
  was one of the most disputed presidential
  elections in American history. Samuel J. Tilden
  of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes
  in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes
  to Hayes' 165, with 20 votes uncounted. These 20
  electoral votes were in dispute in three states
  (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina), each
  party reported its candidate had won the state,
  while in Oregon one elector was declared illegal
  (as an "elected or appointed official") and
  replaced. The 20 disputed electoral votes were
  ultimately awarded to Hayes after a bitter legal
  and political battle, giving him the victory.

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RUTHERFORD HAYES AND SAMUEL TILDEN, ELECION, 1876
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COMPROMISE OF 1877

• Many historians believe that an informal deal was
  struck to resolve the dispute the Compromise of
  1877. In return for Democrat acquiescence in
  Hayes' election, the Republicans agreed to
  withdraw federal troops from the South, ending
  Reconstruction. The Compromise effectively ceded
  power in the Southern states to the white
  supremacist "Redeemers" (who were Democrats). The
  Redeemers subsequently disfranchised
  African-Americans in the South and barred them
  from holding any political offices.

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• The Compromise of 1877 was an informal, unwritten
  deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S.
  Presidential election. Through it, Republican
  Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House
  over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the
  understanding that Hayes would remove the federal
  troops that were propping up Republican state
  governments in South Carolina, Florida and
  Louisiana. Consequently, the incumbent President,
  Republican Ulysses Grant, removed the soldiers
  from Florida before Hayes as his successor
  removed the remaining troops in South Carolina
  and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many
  Republicans also left (or became Democrats) and
  the "Redeemer" Democrats took control.