England (1553-1603)

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England (1553-1603)

• The Reign of Mary I and Elizabeth I

Queen Elizabeth II welcomes Pope Benedict XVI to
Scotland, Sept. 16, 2010 BBC
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Queen Mary I, r.1553-1558

• Born 1513, ½ sister of Edward and devout
  Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon U2.7
  1, 2
• 1554 married Philip II of Spain
• Distrust made Catholicism more unpopular
• 300 heretics were burned at the stake, public
  mass executions (i.e. Thomas Cranmer, John
  Hooper)
• U7.3 3 - How did being in exile actually make
  this group more radical?
• 1558 Mary dies of stomach cancer
• England actually more Protestant than in 1553

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Queen Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
Queen Mary I (r.1553-1558)
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Queen Elizabeth I, (r. 1558-1603)

• Born 1533, legitimate child?? Act of
  Succession, 1534 (but Edward rescinds this act)
• imprisoned by Bloody Mary on charges of
  conspiracy
• sexually abused by Catherine Parrs 4th husband,
  Lord Thomas Seymour (also her uncle by marriage)
• 1558 ascends the throne

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Elizabethan Religious Settlement, 1559-1603 U2.7
4 5

• Re-establishes Church of England (Anglican
  Church) w/ aid of Sir William Cecil 1559
  reaffirms the Act of Supremacy (original AoS,
  1534)
• Act of Uniformity, 1559 Book of Common Prayer
  (Edward VI)
• broad, ambiguous dogmas that accommodated many
  believers
• all required to belong BUT those who refused
  Puritans (English Calvinists) Catholics are
  mildly tolerated (ignored) as long as they didnt
  threaten unity of her rule
• 1563 ThirtyNine Articles moderate
  Protestantism official religion within the
  Church of England

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• From left to right are as follows Philip and
  Mary with War, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Elizabeth I
  with Peace and Plenty

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Catholic Protestant Extremists

• English nobles in Ireland adopt 39-Articles BUT
• native Irish remain Catholic - view the Church of
  Ireland as political tool of ruling English class
• Catholic extremists supported by Spain and France
• U2.7 6
• Puritans, Presbyterians and Congregationalists
  also a problem U2.7 7

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Deterioration of Relations with Spain U2.7 8

• 1567, Spain troops under Duke of Alba occupy
  Netherlands is England the next target?
• 1570 Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth
• Sea Beggars take Brill in the Netherlands
• 1571 Spain defeat Turks in Battle of Lepanto
  English enter defense pact w/ France
• 1570s state-sanctioned piracy against Spanish
  begins
• 1585, Treaty of Nonsuch English soldiers and
  cavalry sent to Netherlands

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Mary,Queen of Scots (Stuart) U2.7 9
Elizabeth I (Tudor)
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Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

• Queen of Scotland, Catholic heir to English
  throne after Elizabeth
• 1568, forced to flee by John Knoxs Calvinists
  (Presbyterians)
• also possibly involved with death/murder of first
  husband, Lord Darnley
• believed to be involved in several plots to take
  throne from Elizabeth
• 1571 Ridolfi Plot
• 1582 Duke of Guise Plot
• 1583 Throckmorton Plot
• 1586 Babington Plot
• Feb. 18, 1587 beheaded after 19 years internment

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Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588

• Spanish Fleet led by Duke of Medina-Sidonia -
  25,000 Spanish sailors, 130 ships, 123,790
  cannonballs
• English fleet led by Sir Francis Drake - 197
  ships smaller, more agile (U2.710)

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Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588

• The Spanish Plan to reach the Netherlands and
  pick up the Duke of Parmas men get them across
  to England for war!
• Problems Winds vs. them takes 3 wks to reach
  N. Spain, then
• July 30 1st battle then English follow the
  Armada up the Channel
• August 6 Calais but Duke of Parma isnt ready
  
• Armada low on water, food, ammunition English
  are preparing an attack to prevent the rendezvous
  of the Armada and the Dukes army

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(No Transcript)
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Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588

• August 7 English attack with fireships set
  some of the larger Spanish galleys on fire
• By 4pm on Aug 8
• Spanish face defeat so escape to North Sea ---
  lose numerous ships to wind run aground on
  cliffs of Ireland --- tragedy!!!
• By Aug 12 Duke of Medina-Sidonia capitulates
• 15,000-20,000 Spaniards dead ½ of the navy
• Between 1/3 and ½ of Spanish ships destroyed
• The invincible armada católica is defeated!
• England new European naval super power