Anatomy

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Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy

• Study of the structure of body parts

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Physiology

• Function of the body parts

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Structure is always related to function
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Levels of organization

• Atoms
• Molecules
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Systems
• Organisms

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Body systems
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Integumentary system

• Hair, Skin, and Nails
• Functions
• 1. Protection
• 2. Vitamin D Synthesis
• 3. Cutaneous receptors

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Skeletal System

• Bones, joints
• Functions
• 1. Protection of body organs
• 2. Aid in movement
• 3. erythropoesis
• 4. mineral storage

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Muscular system

• Muscles
• Functions
• 1. Movement
• 2. posture
• 3. Heat production

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Lymphatic system

• Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen
• Functions
• 1. Houses white blood cells
• 2. Immune response

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Respiratory system

• Lungs, windpipe, and nasal cavity
• Functions
• 1. Gas exchange

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Digestive System

• Esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine
• Functions
• 1. breakdown food
• 2. absorption of nutrients
• 3. elimination of waste

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Nervous System

• Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Functions
• 1. Fast response to stimuli

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Endocrine

• Glands that secrete hormones
• Function
• 1. Slow long lived responses

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Cardiovascular System

• Heart and blood vessels
• Functions
• 1. Blood transport

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Urinary System

• Kidneys, bladder, ureter, and Urethra
• Functions
• 1. Elimination of nitrogenous waste
• 2. Regulate water, electolyte, And pH of blood

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Reproductive System

• Penis, Testis, prostrate gland (male)
• Vagina, uterus, ovary (female)
• Functions
• 1. Production of offspring
• 2. Hormone production

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Characteristics of Life
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• Homeostasis
• Movement
• Respond
• Metabolism
• Grow
• reproduce

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Homeostatic Controls
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Negative Feedback Loop

• Output of system shuts off original stimulus
• Example Fever

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Positive Feedback

• Response enhances original stimulus
• Example Labor

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Language of anatomy
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Anatomical Position

• Body erect
• Feet shoulder width apart
• Palms face foreward

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Directions terms

• Superior (cranial) Toward the head
• Inferior (caudal) Toward the feet
• Anterior (ventral) Front of body
• Posterior (dorsal) Back of body
• Medial Toward midline
• Lateral Away from midline
• Proximal Closer to trunk
• Distal- Away from trunk
• Superficial Toward body surface
• Deep Away from body surface

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Regional Terms

• Axial main axis of body
• Appendicular appendages
• Pg 14 of Marieb Anatomy and physiology

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Body Planes

• Sagittal plane divides body in right and
• left halves
• Frontal plane divide body into anterior
• and posterior
  positions
• Transverse plane divide body into superior and
  inferior parts

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Body Cavities

• Dorsal Body Cavity cranial and spinal
• Ventral Body Cavity
• 1. Thoracic cavity contains heart and
• lungs, and
• 
  mediastinum
• 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity -

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Membranes

• Serous membrane Lines body cavity
• Visceral membrane Covers organs
• Both secrete fluid to reduce friction (serous
  fluid)

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Abdominopelvic regions

• Right and left hypochondriac
• Right and left lumbar
• Right and left iliac
• Epigastric
• Umbilical
• hypogastric

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Abdominopelvic quadrants

• Right and left upper
• Right and left lower