The Great War 1914-1918

1
The Great War 1914-1918

• Total War and the Homefront
• Dealing With Dissent
• The Russian Revolution and Civil War

2
A War on Many Fronts

• Italy sides now with the Allies and attacks
  Austria
• Romania and Greece side with the Allies
• The Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers

3
A World At War
4
The Ottoman Empire and The Middle East Theater

• The Ottoman Empire stops Ally supplies from using
  the Suez and Dardanelles in the Middle East
• The British send New Zealand and Australian
  troops to seize Gallipoli with disastrous results
• The ANZAC forces eventually seize Baghdad in 1917

5
War at Sea

• Germans submarines employ unrestricted warfare
  on the British and Allied shipping
• To combat submarines depth charges and destroyer
  convoys are used with success
• Both Britain and Germany will not engage in large
  naval battles because of submarine torpedoes

6
Total War and The Home Front

• Total War, the concept of government control over
  war production and dedication from a nations
  people to total victory
• Government controlled labor, production of war
  material, mobilized citizens for the military,
  regulated wages and prices to achieve victory

7
Total War and The Home Front

• Women severed in war production industries and
  did work held exclusively for men
• The United States allowed women to begin
  enlisting as nurses in the Navy, Marine Corps and
  Coast Guard
• In Russia women worked in war production and
  served as soldiers

8
Total War and The Home Front

• Governments seized control of supplies needed for
  the war effort and changed industries to produce
  war materials
• Food rationing was used because of low
  agriculture production and government seizures of
  food stuffs
• The British issued ration books for meat, cheese
  and sugar

9
The Battle of The Somme 1916

• June 24, 1916, British General Douglas Haig
  orders a massive bombardment on German trenches
• The Germans are protected in their trench lines
• July 1, 1916, 100,000 British troops attack the
  Germans
• Over 20,000 are killed in one day
• The British and Germans will now dig in and wait
  

10
The Battle of The Somme 1916
11
Dealing With Dissent

• All governments begin to crackdown on dissenting
  voices by censorship, removing civil liberties
  and enforcing martial law
• Critics and pacifists were grouped together
• The U.S. passed the Espionage Act 1917 and
  Sedition Acts 1918 to silence opposition
• Union leader Eugene Debs was charged with
  sedition for speaking against the draft

12
The Red Scare

• The Russian Revolution of 1917 scares Americans
  who believe it will spread to the U.S.
• There was also a fear that anarchists and
  communists are within unions
• April 1919, 40 mail bombs are intercepted by the
  USPS
• Americans fear that a revolution is being planned
  by labor unions, anarchists and immigrants

13
The Red Scare

• U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer appoints
  Herbert Hoover to lead the Office of General
  Intelligence
• Mitchell believes that a revolution is being
  planned and begins raids and deportations over
  6,000 foreigners are arrested and 556 are
  deported
• The revolution feared by Palmer does not happen
  and this ends the Red Scare

14
The Red Scare

• Immigrants escaping the poverty from Europe are
  banned entry into the United States
• Quotas will be set to keep immigrants from
  Eastern and Southern Europe by Congress in 1929
• The main target of distrust and suspicion are
  Jews

15
Dealing With Dissent

• Germany encouraged The Easter Rebellion in
  Ireland in 1916
• It also returned revolutionary Vladimir Lenin to
  Russia to cause revolution
• The British promised Jews a homeland in Palestine
  and the Arabs independence from the Turks

16
1917 A Year of Turing Points

• Russia removes itself from the war and signs a
  separate peace with Germany
• Germany now can concentrate its army on the
  Western Front but, lacks material to sustain a
  long offensive

17
The Western Front 1918

• March-July 1918 Germany advances from its
  trenches and moves into French territory
• German introduces stromtroopers, flamethrowers
  and rolling barrages
• Germany will exhaust itself and the Allies will
  now advance into German territory

18
The Western Front 1918
19
1917 A Year of Turing Points

• Germany seeks an ally in Mexico and promises
  support if it wages war against America
• The Zimmerman Telegram promise aide to Mexico and
  the Southwest
• April 1917 America declares war on Germany and 2
  million soldiers now side with the Allies

20
Americans at War
21
Germany Defeated

• Germany launches the Ludendorff Offensive and
  meets with limited success
• Unable to break the Allied trenches now
  reinforced with Americans
• The Germans sue for peace because it is losing
  more men that it can recruit and train per year

22
Germany Defeated

• The Council of Four will decide fate of Europe
• Woodrow Wilson
• David Lloyd George
• Vittorio Orlando
• Georges Clemenceau
• Losing countries have no say in treaty
• Wilson proposes Fourteen Points which includes
  free trade, self-determination, disarmament and a
  League of Nations

23
Germany Defeated

• Clemenceau wants to punish the Germans and gets
  Germany to disarm, it also gets the Rhineland and
  buffer states in the Alsace-Lorraine
• The Treaty of Versailles, 1918, officially ends
  the war and imposes reparations for the
  destruction of property and loss of life
• Germany will want revenge later

24
Revolution in Russia 1917-1920

• Tsar Nicholas II entered the WWI to avoid
  revolution at home but seeds had been planted
• Bloody Sunday, January 1905, 500 laborers
  protesting their working and living conditions at
  St. Petersburg are gunned down by Tsars personal
  troops
• To quell the people the Tsar creates the Duma, a
  parliament, but it is oppressive and angers the
  laborers

25
Revolution in Russia 1917-1920

• Overtaxed and overburden by the war Russians
  seize the Tsar family in March 1917
• Peasants and Russian soldiers begin to take over
  government lands
• Vladimir Lenin introduces the April Theses which
  promises the people with bread, land and peace
• Lenin seizes power in November 1918

26
Revolution in Russia 1917-1920

• Lenin is able to seize power because of support
  from the Red Army and the Bolsheviks
• Bolsheviks believed in the necessity of violent
  revolution
• Lenin will however seize power without spilling
  blood but the Tsar family will be executed

27
Revolution in Russia 1917-1920

• Russia will leave WWI when it signs the
  Brist-Livosk Treaty with Germany
• Loyalists, the White Army seeking a return to
  Tsarist rule will fight the Red Army who is loyal
  to Lenin
• The country of Russia will be devastated by this
  fighting
• Its industry, agriculture and population will be
  on the brink of death