Diapositiva 1

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Prof. Flavia Franconi University of Sassari
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Drugs
   
Pharmacogenetics chronopharlacology
Modulators of pharmacological effects (sex
hormones)
Pharmacokinetics
Modulators of pharmacological effects (sex
hormones)
Pharmacogenetics chronopharlacology

Pharmacodynamics
 
Efficacy and Safety
     

 
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The presence of critical periods The wide use
of oral anticonceptionals creates another
population to be studied

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However, pharmacokinetic differences do not
necessarily result in different pharmacological
responses. For example, women in the luteal phase
are more sensitive to methylprednisolone (as
measured by cortisol suppression test). However,
since they eliminate this drug more quickly than
men, the final response of methylprednisolone is
similar in both sexes (Lew et al., 1993).
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Correlation between circulating levels of
estradiol and amygdalamopioid receptor binding
during the follicular phase during the follicular
phase of 10 healthy women. Pearson correlation
r520.75P , 0.01 (Smith AR et al J Clin
Endocrinol Metab 83, 44984505, 1998
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Actually, it is not yet completely elucidated
whether gender can influence specific organ
metabolism. The topic is relevant,because in some
tissues, including particular neuronal
populations, CYP isoenzyme expression can be as
high as, or higher than, in liver cells and can
also display a higher sensitivity toward
environmental inducers (Miksys and Tyndale,
2002). Indeed, variations in the activity of
brain CYP enzymes can contribute tothe
inter-individual changes in drug responses,
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Several physiological parameters (plasma volume,
sympathic and parasympathic systems) are varied
in pregnancy. The activity of some CYP is also
changed, moreover, CYP enzymes are also
localized in placenta (Anderson, 2005).

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The time required to recovery the pre-pregnant
status after the delivery regarding drug and
physiological responses. Lactation
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Programming is well established through
experimental and epidemiological studies Hales
C.N et al. Br Med J 303, 1019, 1991 Phillips DI
Diabetlogia 39, 1119, 1996 Lithell HO et al Br
Med J 312, 406, 1996 McCance et al DR Br Med
J.308, 942, 1994 Phillips DI Diabetologia 37,
150, 1994 Phipps K et al Diabetologia 36,
225228.
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IVH Prevention Trial demonstrated that
indomethacin significantly decreased the
incidence of IVH, prevented parenchymal
hemorrhage, and was associated with higher verbal
test scores at ages 3 to 8 years, although this
protective effect of indomethacin on cognitive
outcome seemed to be specific only to male
subjects (Ment LR, Vohr B, Makuch RW, et al.
Prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage by
indomethacin in male preterm infants. J Pediatr.
2004145832834)
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Neonatal treatment has different long lasting
effect in males and females
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Psychosocial
Nutrition
Drug/ Chemicals
Illness
Physical
INFANT
Event induced response
ADULTS
Cardiovascular diseases, DM, obesity, behaviour
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The question whether female and male have
differently to placebo /nocebo effects hardly
received any attention and at the moment, the
issue is still controversial and
largely understudied. (Rickels , 1965 Wilcox et
al., 1992 Compton et al, 2003 Saxon et al,
2001 Gear et al., 1999 Averbuch and Katzper,
2001 Mencke et al., 2004 Olofsen et al., 2005
).
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It will be important to have standard values for
single urine plasma and blood parameters referred
to male and female, strains, age and hormonal
cycle.
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it is important to know the transferability of
results to humans
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