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Assessment of ecosystem services provided by
agroforestry systems in Europe Dirk Freese1,
Christian Böhm1, Ansgar Quinkenstein1, Jens
Wöllecke1, Reinhard F. Hüttl1,2
Brandenburg University of Technology Chair of
Soil Protection and Recultivation
Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam - German Research Centre
for Geosciences (GFZ)
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Content

• EU policy in agriculture (soil protection, cross
  compliance, subsidy payment)
• Selected research projects related to land use
  and agroforestry
• The way to Ecosystem Services
• Research for the future

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Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection (EC 2006)

• declares that for sustainable development,
  soils (soil functions) need to be protected from
  degradation.
• The main threats to soil functioning abilities
  are identified as
• (1) decline in organic matter
• (2) soil erosion
• (3) compaction
• (4) salinisation
• (5) landslides
• (6) floods
• (7) contamination
• (8) sealing
• Threats 1-5 are area and soil specific in their
  appearance

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EC Policy and Land Use

• Cross Compliances
• is a mechanism that links direct payments to
  compliances by farmes with basic environmental
  standards ( due to VO (EG) 1782/2003 )
• ? protection against erosion, preservation of
  organic matter and soil structure, preservation
  of permanent grassland etc.
• since 2007 farmes receive bonuses for
  site-specific actions in rural areas ? e.g.
  extensivation and forest conversion activities
• ? direct payments used to compensate the higher
  standarts in EC for environmental protection,
  food and fodder safety

• EU-area subsidy for farmers
• EC-member states can choose between 2 models
  during the implementation of CAD
• single payment scheme
• regional area subsidy
• ? all subsidies in region divided to agricultural
  areas
• dynamicly combinated model in germany from 2005
  to 2013
• national average in a federal state of 328 /ha
  (302 /ha in Hesse, 326 /ha in lower saxony)
• ? single payment scheme endures till 2013

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Globalisation
Cultural heritage
Biodiversity
Bioenergy
Rural development
Water regulation
Food demand
Soil conservation
Land abandonment
Caspar David Friedrich Einsamer Baum, 1822
Hellmich, 2009
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SAFE Silvoarable Agroforestry For Europe
European Union Contract n QLK5-CT-2001-00560Augu
st 2001-January 2005
The SAFE project will develop biophysical and
socio-economic tools to inform farmers and
policy-makers of the potential for silvoarable
agroforestry to contribute to the integrated and
sustainable development of European rural areas.
INRA (Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique) UMR Systèmes de Culture
Méditerranéens et Tropicaux 2, Place Viala, 34060
Montpellier, France
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SENSOR Sustainability Impact AssessmentTools
for Environmental, Social and Economic Effects of
Multifunctional Land Use in European Regions
EU FP6 Integrated Project - Priority Area 1.1.6.3
"Global Change and Ecosystems" Tools for Impact
Assessment Duration   Dec 2004 - May
2009 Coordination   Leibniz-Centre for
Agricultural LandscapeResearch (DE)
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Research projects related to Agroforestry,
Biomass and Ecosystem

• Initial Ecosystem Development (SFB-Transregio
  38), German Research Foundation
• Innovative Network of Climate Adaptation in the
  Region Brandenburg Berlin (INKA BB) (BMBF)
• Economic and Ecological Assessment of
  Agroforestry Systems in Agricultural Practice
  (FNR)
• BAtroS Soil Melioration and Land Use Systems for
  dry sites (BMBF)
• Biomass production and Phytoremediation (German
  Railway, DB)
• ANFOREK, Energy landscape and agriculture,
  Vattenfall MiningGeneration AG
• Agronetwork Biomass
• Dendrom Future Resource Dendromass"(BMBF)
• Sensor - Sustainability Impact Assessment Tools
  for Environmental, Social and Economic Effects of
  Multifunctional Land Use in European Regions
  Module 6 Sustainability issues in sensitive
  regions, EU
• Optimum Humus Content of Soils in Germany (UBA)
• Agrowood

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Agroforestry practices in Europe
(Rigueiro-Rodríguez et al., 2008)
Agroforestry practice Brief description
Silvoarable agroforestry Widely spaced trees inter-cropped with annual or perennial crops. It comprises alley cropping, scattered trees and line belts.
Forest farming Forested areas used for production or harvest of natural standing specialty crops for medicinal, ornamental or culinary uses.
Riparian buffer strips Strips of perennial vegetation (tree/shrub/grass) natural or planted between cropland/pastures and water sources such as streams, lakes, wetlands, and ponds to protect water quality.
Multipurpose trees Fruit and other trees randomly or systematically planted in cropland or pasture for the purpose of providing fruit, fuel wood, fodder and timber, among other services, on farms and rangelands.
Silvopasture Combining trees with forage and animal production. It comprises forest or woodland grazing or woodland grazing and open forest trees.
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Implementation of Alley Cropping / SRC in Germany

• Advantages
• Low-input system over long-term (fertilization,
  soil tillage etc.)
• Combination with organic farming
• Ecological benefits
• Economic benefits

• Disadvantages
• High investment per ha
• Long-term return of money
• No long-term lease contracts (gt20 years)
• Modern crop production technology/ machinery
• Maintenance of EU area subsidy ?
• Low flexibility to agricultural policy
• Relatively low yields

Farmers protest
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1. A biophysical assessment

• evaluation of the potential to produce biomass
  and food
• modelling of system interactions
• identification of performance, limits and
  constraints on different areas (e.g. degraded
  areas and post-industrial regions)

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Location of study site in Brandenburg state
(Germany)
Böhm et al., 2009
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Energy landscape Welzow-South

• area 170 ha
• location open mining area Welzow-South
• establishment since 2005

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Trial field biomass production

• Nelder-plot
• established in spring 2009 (2 x 520 plants)
• Investigation of the effect of different planting
  densities on the biomass production of poplar and
  black locust

• other
• Trial plot with acer (establishment 2009)
• Trial plot with Arundo donax (establishment 2009)

• SRC-Plot
• established in spring 2008
• growth experiment with 3 poplar- and 2
  willow-clones
• alltogether 20 plots with 100 plants each

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Energy forest

• Establishment of the energy forest
• 2005 13,2 ha SRC (black locust)
• 2006 8,6 ha SRC (black locust)
• 2007 11,7 ha SRC (black locust)

• Project
• Short rotation coppice of black locust (Robinia
  pseudoacacia L.)
• measurements on a regular cyclemeasures of plant
  growth, site- and plant-parameters, element and
  nutrient cycle, ecology and economy
• rotation 4 years the first harvest (winter 2009)
  resulted in an average biomass productivity of
  3 t ha-1 a-1 for the first rotation

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Alley cropping

• established in 2007 20,2 ha alley cropping (8,2
  ha black locust / 12,0 ha farmland)
• width of field strips 24 m and 12 m, width of
  coppice strips 11 m (4 double rows black locust)
• measurements on a regular cycle water and
  nutrient household, micro-climate, biomass
  production, biodiversity, economical measures

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Alley Cropping Design
2010 70 ha Alley Cropping AG Forst e.G.
(Germany)
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• Alley Cropping in Welzow-Süd
• Computer simulation

2010
2012
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Biomass (gtree-1 )
Prediction of yield of Robinia pseud. with the
yieldsafe model (up to 10 years red dots
measured data)

• Biomass yield of Robinia pseud. and populus after
  different years of rotation

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2. An evaluation of the carbon and nutrient
budgets

• investigation of the impact of C sequestration
  for soil organic matter and biomass pools as well
  as of microclimate modification by trees on soil
  organic matter stabilization processes
• evaluation of the nitrogen and phosphate dynamics

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Carbon losses from all soils across England and
Wales 19782003
Rate of change (g kg-1 year -1)
P. Bellamy et al. in NATURE, 2005.
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Benefits of C sequestration

• Ecology
• Increase of SOM content and soil fertility
• Total compensation of about 20 of fossil fuel
  emission
• Economy
• Higher production potential at more fertile soils
• Emission trading

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• Phosphate Issue in Europe Impact on food
  production and water quality
• P surplus from fertiliser impacts primarily water
  quality
• Highest values in Belgium and the Netherlands,
  northern Italy and northern Spain, reflecting
  areas of high P use in agriculture
• Specific policies to minimise P surplus, e.g.,
  Denmark
• On average, CAP reform reduced P surplus across
  Europe, with large reductions (gt25) in Romania
  and France, but not consistent across
  Europe (SENSOR, 2009)

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Development of available phosphate in soils of
Brandenburg/ Germany
P balance 1961 - 1998

Korea
Vietnam
China
Syers et al., 2002
P deficiency is unevenly distributed in the
tropics, covering an area estimated at over 2
billion ha. Soil P deficiency may be due to low
P-status of parent material, weathering,
long-term anthropegenic mis-management through
imbalance between nutrient inputs and exports,
loss by erosion and surface run-off. (Fairhurst
et al., 1999, ISRIC)
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3. An assessment of landscape biodiversity

• assessment of the potential impact of
  agroforestry on biodiversity at landscape scale
• Stepstone to optimize habitat connectivity
• Conservation of metapopulations
• evaluation of the impact of the selected tree
  species in homogeneous arable lands
• Survival habitat for field species
• investigation of the relationship between
  biodiversity and the proportion of the area
  occupied by non-arable (including agroforestry)
  and arable habitats
• further research needed
• (see Poster Böhm et al. Biodiversity in
  Agroforestry systems)

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4. Valuing the benefits and sustainability

• exploration of the sustainability functions and
  socio-economic cross-cutting issues of
  agroforestry systems
• valuation of ecosystem services using indicator
  systems
• valuation of economic benefits of commercial and
  experimental agroforestry practices
• assessment of the current state-of-the-art
  thinking on the ecosystem and economic benefits
  of integrating trees on farms - for energetical
  or substantial applications
• (identification of best practice)

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Ex-ante impact assessment of land use changes
SENSOR, 2009
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Research issues

• Brain Storming

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• Development of a decision support system for
  valuing Ecosystem Services
• quality criteria of ecosystem functions
• criteria for selecting indicators (SWOT analysis)

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Thank you for your attention !