Diapositiva 1

1
MINDFULNESS A NEW CONCEPT IN THE SPORTS
INJURIES PREVENTION?
Solé, S., Palmi,J. (PhD) INEFC, Lleida
University, Lleida, Spain
Methods A literature research was undertaken
using Medline, Psychinfo, Web of Science,
Cochrane, Ebscohost, Isi Web of Knowledge
databases and references of retrieved articles.
The search included original articles, books and
dissertations published up to 2012. For the final
selection the books and dissertations were
excluded. The main search terms were mindfulness,
sports, stress, sport injury, and risk factor, in
different combinations as needed. All articles
were coded for their design, type of control,
study population, and outcome measures. Seven
studies were considered eligible for the present
review and are presented in the next table.

Introduction Mindfulness is defined as the
nonjudgmental focus of ones attention on the
experience that occurs in the present moment
(Kabat-Zinn, 1990). There are many
mindfulness-based therapies such as
Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction or MBSR (
Kabat-Zinn, Op. Cit) and Mindfulness-based
Cognitive Therapy or MBCT (Segal, Williams,
Teasdale, 2002) and they are being used for
different health problems such as chronic pain,
anxiety and depression, stress, psoriasis or
cancer. The aim of this study is to identify the
actual use of mindfulness therapies in sports
psychology and to investigate the possible
aplications of this concept in the prevention and
treatment of sports injuries.

           
STUDY MINDFULNESS-BASED INTERVENTION NUMBER/CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBJECTS STUDY DESIGN CONTROL GROUP EVALUATION SCALES  MAIN FINDINGS
Gardner and Moore, 2004 A Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commit ment-Based approach to athletic performance enhancement theoretical considerations. MAC 12 sessions. 1 session per week. 1 hour per session 5 phases Psychoeducation, Mindfulness, Value identification and commitment, Acceptance, Integration and practice Case study 1 22 year-old intercollegiate swimmer. The protocol was extended by 4 weeks during the competitive sesssion   Case study 2 37-year-old master's-level female power-lifter  N1   PSWQ, SAS, AAQ-16 Case study 1 Performance best competitive season, winning two meets and achieving two personal-best times Psychological skills 39 less in anxiety (PSWQ, SAS) and a 38,2 less in experiencial avoidance (AAQ) Case study 2 Performance best performance and lifted 15 beyond her best masters level competitive performance Psychological skills a reduction of 55,5 in anxiety (SAS) and 44,1 in experiencial avoidance ( AAQ)
Lutkenhouse, 2007 The case of Jenny a freshman collegiate athlete experiencing performance dysfunction MAC 8 sessions. Exercises to do between sessions  Some contacts by e-mail after protocol. 19 year-old female lacrosse player classified as experiencing performance dysfunction by the Multilevel Classification System for Sport Psychology (MCS-SP) N1   SPQ, YSQ-SF, PSWQ, SAS, AAQ-R Performance reduction of 25 seconds in her best mile run time. A 61,5 increase in scores performance (SPQ). She no longer met criteria for Performance Dysfunction. Self evaluation personal and sportive growth and development, improvement of performance and her capacity to handle frustration.
 Bernier et al, 2009 Mindfulness and Acceptance approaches in sport performance Case study 1 qualitative interviews Case study 2 MAC 4 introductory sessions. 1 session every month. Applied exercise was implemented during the competition period Case study 1 10 elite swimmers. 40 women. Case study 2 7 elite young golfers (experimental group). 28,5 women 6 elite young golfers (control group). 16,6 women Case 1 Qualitative interviews Case 2 Quasi Exp Traditional psychological skills training goal setting, imagery,  OMSAT-3 Case study 1 improvement in the nine flow dimensions (Jackson and Csikszentmihalyi, 1999) and the finding of a new characteristic the awareness and acceptance of their bodily sensations during the preperformance moments.  Case study 2 The coaches emphasized that the 57,1 of golfers in experimental group became more aware and lucid in their approach to golf and said the intervention was usedful and relevant. Performance the 66 of golfers in experimental group improved their national rankings Psychological skills evaluated with the OMSAT-3 improved significantly in experimental group (plt0.03)
Kauffman et al, 2009 Evaluation of Mindful Sport Perfor mance (MSPE) a new approach to promote flow in athletes MSPE 4 sessions. 1 session per week. 2,5-3 hours per session N 32/29 . 28,1 women. Amateur athletes from Washington 21 golfers/2 dropouts 11 archers/1 dropouts Only 11 athletes completed the 4 sessions Quasi Experime.   BQ, SAS, MPS, CSCI, TOQS, KIMS, DFS-W, CEM, TMS, DML, DSPL, FSS-2, EXT Performance no significant diferences pre-post intervention. The athletes opinion about the workshops influence on their performance was 6,62 (0-10), and their satisfaction level with their performance increased significantly (plt0.01) after workshop. Phsychological skills no significant diferences in golfers. In the archers significant disminution (plt0.10) of thought ocurrence (TOQS), increase (plt0.10) of self-conficence (CSCI) and significant increase (plt0.01) of mindfulness levels (KIMS, TMS). State psychological skills significant increase of mindfulness level in archers (plt0.10) and flow level in all athletes (plt0.05).
Schwanhausser, 2009 Application of the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) protocol with an adolescent springboard diver MAC adapted (7 phases) 9 sessions. 1 session per week 45 minuts per session   12 year-old male, high level springboard and platform diver   N1   PCQ, PHMS, SAS, AAQ-2, MAAS, FS Performance an increase of 73,3 (PCQ) Psychological skills increase of a 23 in mindfulness (PHMS y MAAS), a 35,1 in acceptance (AAQ), and a 6,6 in flow levels (DFS-2, FSS-2). Disminution of a 6,4 in anxiety (SAS)
 Aherne, Moran, Lonsdale, 2011 The effect of mindfulness training on athletes flow an initial investigation Mindfulness training inspired in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) 6 sessions. 1 session per week Daily work with CD 13 high level university athletes, average experience of 8,69 years. Participants of different sports. Experimental group 6 (33,3 women) Control group 7 (28,5 mujeres) Experimen. RCT The same information but had no contact with the teachers.  FSS-2, CAMS-R Flow significant increase (plt0.05) in the experimental group (CAMS-R y FSS-2) The increase in FSS-2 global scores from Time 1 to Time 2 was large (plt0.01) for the experimental group and non significant (pgt0.05) for the control group. Additional research is needed to investigate the cognitive benefits of mindfulness training and its potential to increase sport performance
Thompson et al, 2011 One year follow-up of Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) with archers, golfers and runners MSPE 4 sessions. 1 session per week. 2,5-3 hours per session   See De Petrillo et al, 2009 and Kaufman et al, 2009     From the original 52 athletes 25 4 archers, 8 golfers and 13 long-distance runners participated in the one-year follow-up of this study. Quasi Experim.     AQ, GQ, RQ, CEM, FQ, FQ-R, KIMS, TOQS, SAS, CSCI, DFS-2, MPS Performance athletes scores were significantly lower during the year after the workshop p0.041 in golfers and p0.038 in long-distance runners. In a Likerst scale from 0-5 asking about the performances change during the last year, the mean result was 3,62 and most of them (3 in the Likert scale) said that the changes could be attributed to the MSPE workshop. Psychological skills significant increase (p0.034) in flow levels (DFS-2), Mindfulness levels (plt0.01) measured with KIMS and significant decrease (plt0.05) of anxiety (SAS)  
             
SCALES PSWQ (Penn State Worry Questionnaire),
SAS (Sport Anxiety Scale), AAQ-16 (Acceptance and
Action Questionnaire), SPQ (Sport Performance
Questionnaire), YSQ-SF (Young Schema
Questionnaire-Short Form), AAQ-R (Acceptance and
Action Questionnaire-Revised), OMSAT-3 (Ottawa
Mental Skills), BQ (Background Questionnaire),
TOQS (Thought Ocurrence Questionnaire for Sport),
MPS (Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale), KIMS
(Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills), CEM
(Workshop and Expectations Measure), TMS (Toronto
Mindfulness Scale), PQ (Postworkshop
Questionnaire), DFS-2 (Dispositional Flow
Scale-2), DML (Daily Mindfulness Log), DSPL
(Daily Sport Performance Log), FSS-2 (Flow State
Scale-2), EXT (Exit Questionnaire), PCQ
(Performance Classification Questionnaire), PHMS
(Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale), AAQ-2 (Action
and Acceptance Questionnaire-2), MAAS
(Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale), CAMS-R
(Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness
Scale-Revised) , AQ (Archery Questionnaire), GQ
(Golf Questionnaire), RQ (Runner Questionnaire),
FQ (Follow Up Questionnaire), FQ-R (Follow-up
Questionnaire for Runners) , CSCI (Carolina Sport
Confidence Inventory).
References Birrer, D., Rothlin, P., Morgan, G.
(2012). Mindfulness to enhance athletic
performance theoretical considerations and
possible impact mechanisms. Mindfulness. DOI
10.1007/s12671-012-0109-2 Gardner, F., Moore,
Z. (2009). A Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment-Bas
ed approach to athletic performance enhancement
theoretical considerations. Behavior Therapy, 35,
707-723. Jackson, S.A., Csikszentmihalyi, M.
(1999). Flow in sports The key to optimal
experience and performances. Champaign, IL Human
Kinetics. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full
catastrophe living Using the wisdom of your body
and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New
York Delacourte. Kauffman, K., Glass, C.,
Arnkoff, D. (2009). Evaluation of Mindful Sport
Performance Enhancement (MSPE) a new approach to
promote flow in athletes. Journal of Clinical
Sports Psychology, 4, 334-356. Palmi, J. (2001).
Visión psico-social en la intervención de la
lesión deportiva. Cuadernos de psicología del
deporte, 1, 69-80.
Discussion and Conclussions The use of
mindfulness in sports psychology is very new and
its been focused in enhancing athletes
performance (Birrer, 2012) In our review we
observed the next findings there are a few
number of studies, with little samples and most
of them are nonrandomized studies. We also find
three case studies. Most of them use two new
mindfulness-based interventions MSPE and MAC,
with a very well defined intervention
protocols. There is not yet sufficient evidence
to determinate the magnitude of the effects of
these interventions due to the methodological
limitations of the studies. But the results could
suggest that these two mindfulness-based
interventions, the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitme
nt-Based Approach (MAC) and Mindfulness Sport
Performance Enhancement (MSPE) can be helpful to
enhance performance in sport. They also increase
the levels of mindfulness, concentration,
acceptation, sense of control, awareness of
bodily sensations and decreases the stress and
anxiety levels. These are important variables and
risk factors for sports injuries prevention and
rehabilitation as well. To our knowledge, there
are no studies using these interventions to
prevent sports injuries but the influence of
psycho-social factors is well known (Andersen
Williams, 1993, Heil, 1993, Palmi, 2001). The
benefits for the athletes of this new
psychological approach in different variables
such as concentration levels, mindfulness,
acceptance or anxiety levels could be used in the
prevention and treatment of sports injuries.
They are being used only to enhance performance
for the moment. New mindfulness-based
interventions for prevention and treatment of
sports injuries, adapted to different sports and
athletes are suggested and will be the objective
of future studies.




CONTACT ADRESSES jpalmi_at_inefc.es ssole_at_inefc.es