Carl Rogers

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Carl Rogers
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Carl Rogers
. . . the most wonderful miracle in the world
took place. .
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Subjective Experiences

• Inner reality more important than objective
  reality
• Inner experiences
• Conscious experiences
• Experiences that can be verbalized or imagined
• Unconscious experiences
• Experiences that cannot be verbalized or imagined

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Self-Actualizing Tendency

• Innate motive toward fulfillment of our
  potentials
• Evidence
• Rat and human studies
• Evolution
• Innate goodness

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So why do people do bad things?

• Infants perceive their experiences as reality

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• Uninhibited by the evaluations of others
• All behavior directed toward satisfying need for
  SA
• Organismic Valuing Process
• SA is the criterion used to make judgments of
  worth

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• As we get older. . . .
• Start to experience a need for positive regard
• Satisfying the needs for others satisfies this
  need

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True self
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True self
Social self Created through contact with others
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True self
Social self Prevents us from getting into touch
with our true self
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True self
Social self Leads to conditions of worth
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So why do people do bad things?

• Social self hinders movement toward SA
• Not behaving like true self causes anxiety
• Anxiety causes defense mechanisms

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So why do people do bad things?
Psychotic
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Positive Development

• Avoid conditions of worth
• Unconditional positive regard
• Congruence between true self and experiences

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Fully Functioning Person

• Open to experience
• Characterized by existential living
• Trust their organisms
• Are creative
• Live rich lives

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Abraham Maslow
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Abraham Maslow
She kissed back and then life began.
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Self-Actualizing Tendency

• Innate motive toward fulfillment of our
  potentials
• Environment can cause problems

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Needs

• Can be biological or instinctive
• A state of affairs which, if present, would
  improve the well being of the person
• Example food

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Needs

• An unsatisfied need will dominate an individual's
  thoughts and behaviors
• Once a need is satisfied it no longer has as much
  influence on a person

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Example
Think about food, fantasizing about a big meal
Thoughts and Fantasies
Have not eaten
Need for food
Hunger
Deficit
Need
Motive
Behaviors
Go to store, buy food, bring it home, cook it
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Group Activity
Thoughts and Fantasies
Deficit
Need
Motive
Behaviors
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Needs

• What needs are basic?
• Physical
• Food, water, air, etc.
• Safety
• freedom from threat, danger, etc.

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Needs

• What needs are basic?
• Social / Belonging
• desire for affiliation, beloning, etc.
• Self-Esteem
• desire for self-confidence, recognition, respect,
  etc.

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Needs

• What needs are basic?
• Self-Actualization
• to become everything one is capable of becoming

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Needs

• Which needs are more salient to survival?
• There is an order that these needs typically
  occur
• Evolutionary explanation

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Need Hierarchy Theory
Physiological Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Self-Actualization Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory

• 1) Behavior is dominated by the needs that are
  unfulfilled
• 2) Individuals will satisfy the most basic needs
  first and move up the hierarchy
• 3) Basic needs have higher priority than higher
  needs

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Group Activity
Self-Actualization Needs
Where are you? What are you doing to achieve the
needs associated with this level?
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Group Activity

• 1. I do not feel ashamed of any of my emotions.
• 2. I do not feel I must do what others expect of
  me.
• 3. I believe that people are essentially good and
  can be trusted.
• 4. I feel free to be angry at those I love.
• 5. It is not necessary that others approve of
  what I do.

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Group Activity

• 6. I accept my own weaknesses.
• 7. I can like people without having to approve
  of them.
• 8. I do not fear failure
• 9. I do not avoid attempts to analyze and
  simplify complex domains.
• 10. It is better to be yourself than to be
  popular.

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Group Activity

• 11. I have a mission in life to which I feel
  especially dedicated.
• 12. I can express my feelings even when they
  result in undesirable consequences.
• 13. I feel responsible to help others.
• 14. I am not bothered by fears of being
  inadequate.
• 15. I am loved because I give love

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Scores

• Men
• M 45.02 , SD 4.95
• W 46.07, SD 4.79

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Self-Actualization

• Time you enjoy wasting is not wasted time
• What you are doing when you are not attempting to
  satisfy another need
• Your true nature
• to become everything one is capable of becoming

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What if. . . .

• You won a large sum of money?
• What would you do?
• Would this make you happy?

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Are you happy?
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Are you happy?
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Why to we value material goods?
Stuff
Most common response to what will improve your
life
More money!
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Is this true?

• 1950 present
• Violent crime
• Family breakdown
• Psychosomatic complaints
• Depression
• Suicides
• Happiness has stayed the same (30 very happy)
• Although income has doubled!

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Is this true?

• Wealthiest vs. average incomes
• Very little difference in happiness

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Is this true?

• Lottery winners vs. victims struck with severe
  medical problems
• Happiness goes back to before

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Why?

• Habituated to money
• How much money would you need to fulfill your
  dreams?
• Under 30,000
• 50,000
• Over 100,000
• 250,000
• Makes evolutionary sense

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Why?

• Energy gets focused on material goods
• Loses sense of other important aspects of life

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Need Hierarchy Theory
Self-Actualization Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Achieving Happiness

• Happiness is a mental state
• Achieving it can be done via cognitive means

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Questionnaire
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Flow

• Self-Actualization and Flow
• Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
• Optimal Experiences
• Doing something for its own sake, even though it
  may have no consequences outside itself
• Moment-to-moment CS experience
• Examples?

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Flow

• Engaged deeply in an activity
• 1) Know clearly what they have to do moment by
  moment
• 2) Immediate feedback
• 3) Tremendous concentration
• 4) Little distractibility
• 5) Elevated mood
• 6) Time passes quickly

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Flow

• How do you find flow?
• Engage in activates that are challenging
• Not too easy
• Not too hard

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Flow

• Happiness
• Not felt while in flow
• Feel on reflection
• Important, but not sufficient for happiness

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Need Hierarchy Theory
Self-Actualization Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Flow and Self-Actualization

• Self-Actualization
• What you do when you are not attempting to
  satisfy a need
• Time you enjoy wasting is not wasted time
• Peak Experiences
• Flow
• Optimal Experience
• Done for its own sake, even though it may have no
  consequences outside itself
• Flow is what self-actualization feels like

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George Kelly
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Activity

• Questionnaire
• 1) Put names on the top
• 2) For row 1
• Look at the three people marked with a O.
  Determine how two of these people are different
  than the third.
• Mark these two people with a check mark.
• Write how they are different (one or two words)
  in the similarity pole box. Write how the
  third is different in the contrast pole box.
• 3) Repeat for each row
• 4) Score everyone else in each row with a check
  mark
• How do you describe people
• Commonly use Constructs that are learned
• Start to see the world a different way

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Every Person is a Scientist

• We have our own theories about human behavior
• We have constructs that we think are important
• Not as scientific as traditional science
• It is our VIEW of reality that is important
• Not reality itself

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Construct

• Our constructs determine how we interpret an
  event
• Constructs are bipolar
• What is the other pole is also subjective
• Thus two people may see the same event differently

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s

• Charlie
• Sincere Insincere
• Willy
• Sincere Morally degenerate

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• Charlie
• Sincere Insincere
• Willy
• Sincere Morally degenerate

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• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not
  sincere

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• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not
  sincere

Will think she is insincere React with mild
disapproval
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• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not
  sincere

Will think she is morally degenerate Will be
angry and upset
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Constructs

• Hierarchical

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Constructs

• Hierarchical

Good versus Bad
Superordinate
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Constructs

• Hierarchical

Good versus Bad
Intelligent vs. Stupid
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Constructs

• Hierarchical

Good versus Bad
Kind vs. Mean
Attractive vs. Ugly
Intelligent vs. Stupid
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Basic Assumptions

• Construction Corollary
• Person anticipates events by construing their
  replications
• If Jenny thinks Linda is helpful one day, she
  will think Linda is likely to be helpful again

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Basic Assumptions

• Individual Corollary
• Idiosyncratic construct systems
• Two people might interpret an event differently
• Will act differently

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Basic Assumptions

• Commonality Corollary
• When two or more people share similar construct
  systems
• They will likely interpret an event in a similar
  manner
• They will act alike

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Constructs

• Core Constructs
• Resistant to change
• Peripheral Constructs
• Easier the change

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Constructive Alternativism

• All of us are capable of changing our
  interpretation of events
• Our constructs
• Behavior is never determined

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Research

• Using RCRT
• Can understand constructs person uses to see the
  world
• Can understand how a person sees self
• Look at the check marks (and missing check marks)
• How a person sees self in relation to others
• Who do you think you are most similar too?
• Are you similar to anyone?
• Look at number of check marks in the self column

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Research

• Cognitive Complexity
• Did you use different constructs across all
  people?
• Cognitive simplicity
• Do not differentiate how you perceive others
• Cognitive complexity
• Highly different views of others

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Research

• Cognitive Complexity
• Differentiate among many different events in the
  environments should be able to make more
  accurate judgments

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Research

• Cognitive Complexity
• Better able to anticipate school stresses
• Make more realistic occupational choices
• Better able to predict the behavior of others

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Review

• Freud
• Key ideas
• Psychic Determinism
• Unconscious
• Internal Structure
• Psychic Conflict
• Mental Energy
• Doctrine of Opposites
• Parts of the mind

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Review

• Freud
• Psychosexual stages
• Defense mechanisms
• Denial
• Repression
• Reaction Formation
• Projection
• Rationalization
• Intellectualization
• Regression
• Sublimation

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Review

• Freud
• Parapraxes
• Humor

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Review

• Neo-Freudians
• Carl Jung
• Archetypes
• Collective Unconscious
• Alfred Adler
• Feelings of inferiority
• Striving for superiority
• Importance of birth order

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Review

• Neo-Freudians
• Karen Horney
• Anxiety
• Coping with anxiety (types)
• Erick Erikson
• Eight stages of development

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Review

• Existentialism
• Phenomenonological
• Humanistic
• Free will
• Awareness
• Meaning

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Review

• Carl Rogers
• Self-Actualization
• True self vs. social self
• Conditions of wroth
• Unconditional positive regard
• Abraham Maslow
• Hierarchy of needs
• Flow
• George Kelly
• Constructs