Kein Folientitel

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Barriers Against Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water
TOXIC
DVGW-Technology Center Water (TZW) Karlsruhe,
Dresden branch
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Consortium of TOXIC
member of EWRI (European Water Research
Institutes)
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Content

• Introduction
• Results of work packages
• Published results
• Case studies

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Guide lines for drinking water

• WHO 1.0 µg/L MCYST-LR
• Australia 1.3 µg/L MCYST-LR
• Cylindrospermopsin (in discussion)
• Anatoxin-a (in discussion)
• Saxitoxin (in discussion)
• Germany 0.1 µg/L each single toxic compound
• ..

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Figure 2.2 Strukture of Microcystins
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Figure 2.3 Strukture of Anatoxin-a,
Saxitoxin and Cylindrospermopsin
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Structure of TOXIC
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Detailed Structure of TOXIC
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Work-segments

• Production of standard materials
• Design of evaluated analytical procedures
• Lab scale experiments
• Pilot scale experiments
• Full scale monitoring

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WP 1 - Co-ordination and Project Management
Participants TZW

• Protocols
• Reports
• Public presentations

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WP 2 - Raw Water Quality
Participants UDU, TZW, AAU, UAL, ULO

• Data base of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in
  European waterbodies
• Establishment of an Internet-Based Platform on
  cyanobacteria and-toxins in European waterbodies
  (cyanobacteria-platform.com)
• List of suitable methods for early-warning of
  cyanobacterial bloom

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WP 3 - Analysis
Participants AAU, UDU, ULO

• Supply of pure cyanotoxin standards
• Know-how transfer and inter-calibration exercises
• Provision of Standard Operational Precedures
  (SOPs) for cyanotoxin analysis (PPIA, ELISA,
  HPLC/UV, MS)

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WP 4 - Conventional Treatment
ParticipantsTZW, UDU, DHI, UEX, UAL, ULO

• Test of different treatment trains
• Cyanotoxin biodegradability and degradation
  kinetics (aerobic and anaerobic)
• Risk assessment for treatment trains (intra- and
  extracellular toxins)

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Toxin release - pilot plant studies
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WP 5 - Polishing Treatment activated carbon

• The application of activated carbon (PAC !!!) is
  one of the most efficient measure for dissolved
  toxin removal

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The efficiency of activated carbon
dichloroethene
trichloroethene
atrazine
MCYST-LR
Activated carbon in mg/L
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WP 56 - Polishing and Final Treatment
oxidation and disinfection
Participants EAWAG, UEX, WRc, UAL, ULO

• Kinetic data base for oxidation of cyanotoxins by
  oxidants (chlorine, chlor-amine, chlorine
  dioxide, permanganate, ozone)
• Assessment of the influence of water quality
  parameters (DOC, alkalinity, pH, temperature,
  ammonia) on toxin oxidation

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WP 56 Polishing and Final Treatment
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WP 7 - Alternative Techniques
Participants Kiwa, UAL

• Protocol of optimised membrane filtration
  procedures (ultrafiltration, nanofiltration,
  reversed osmosis)

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WP 7 - Alternative Techniques
Participants Kiwa, UAL Nanofiltration
Toxin 72 h Feed in µg/L Permeate in µg/L Rejection in
MC-RR 7.8 ND gt 99
MC-LR 9.0 0.1 99
MC-YR 7.1 ND gt 99
MC-LA 1.2 ND gt 93
ANT-a 4.8 0.17 96
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Final project outcome published results
Participants all partners

• Providing of an Analytical Manual (ISBN
  951-765-259-3)
• Providing of a European Best Practice Guidance
  Manual for selection, design and operation of
  treatment plant, raw water monitoring and toxin
  analysis (tom.hall_at_wrcplc.co.uk)
• Providing of a commercially available software
  package for treatment process simulation
  (tom.hall_at_wrcplc.co.uk)

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in 2008International Guidance Manual for the
Management of Toxic Cyanobacteria

• Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
• Chapter 2 RISK ASSESSMENT IN SOURCE WATERS
• Chapter 3 MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF
  CYANOBACTERIA IN SOURCE WATERS
• Chapter 4 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A
  MONITORING PROGRAM
• Chapter 5 INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PLANS
• Chapter 6 TREATMENT OPTIONS
• Chapter 7 CASE STUDIES
• A paper of the Global Water Research Coalition
• www.globalwaterresearchcoalition.net

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Case studies
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Case study I pilote scale
Raw water quality Treatment Toxin elimination
Microcystis aeruginosa Anabaena Cell bound toxins av. 1.0 µg/L Dissolved toxins n.d. Pre-oxidation with ClO2 Coagulation Filter I Filter II (GAC) 0.05 µg/L (cell bound) 0.05 µg/L (diss. toxin release) complete
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Case study II pilote scale
Raw water quality Treatment Toxin elimination
Planktothrix rubescens Cell bound toxins av. 1.5 µg/L Dissolved toxins av. 0.08 µg/L Preoxidation with permanganate Coagulation Filter 1.0 µg/L (cell bound) 0.41 µg/L (diss. toxin release) 0.85 µg/L (diss. toxin release)
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Case study III pilote scale
Raw water quality Treatment Toxin elimination
Microcystis aeruginosa Anabaena Cell bound toxins av. 2.5 µg/L Dissolved toxins av. 0.1 µg/L Pre-oxidation with ozone Coagulation Filter 0.05 µg/L (cell bound) 0.50 µg/L (diss. toxin release) n.d (cell bound) 0.91 (diss. toxin release)
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Case study VI pilote scale
Raw water quality Treatment Toxin elimination
Planktothrix rubescens Cell bound toxins till 1.6 µg/L (105 cells /mL) Dissolved toxins 0.1 µg/L UF-mambrane (dived, dead end) TMP - 0.20 till - 0.34 bar complete (cell bound) n.d. (dissolved)
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Conclusions

• Toxin removal (cell bound and dissolved) with
  high efficiency is possible !!!
• The non calculable risk is the toxin release an
  efficient additional barrier is the use of
  activated carbon.

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Many thanks

• Geoff Codd
• Jussi Meriluoto
• Tom Hall
• Hanne Kaas
• Urs von Gunten
• Bas Heijman
• Maria Rosa
• Joanna Mankiewicz
• Malgozata Taczynska
• Juan Acero
• Jose Meneira
• Gayle Newcomb
• Bill Harding
• Ingrid Chorus