1. Geography Review 2. What is the Math of Time?

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1. Geography Review2. What is the Math of Time?
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Geography

• Geography of the land we live in and around
  impacts our lives in many ways. This year, we
  are going to learn how the development of early
  civilizations was greatly affected by the
  geography of the location of the civilization.

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Understanding Geography

• The earth, as we know, is quite large. To make it
  possible for us to draw a map of the earth and
  its features, a system of imaginary lines was
  developed. These imaginary lines make it possible
  for us to locate anything on the surface of the
  earth. Included among these lines are lines of
  latitude and longitude, the Equator, the 4
  hemispheres, and, the Prime Meridian. Some of
  these imaginary lines, if taken together, form
  what is known as a grid or grid system.

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Latitude

• Lines of latitude are drawn in an east-west
  direction and measure the distance NORTH and
  SOUTH of the equator.
• The equator is an imaginary line that circles the
  globe halfway between the North and South Poles.
• Lines of latitude are also called parallels
  because they are always parallel to the equator.

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Longitude

• Lines of longitude are drawn in a north-south
  direction and measure distance EAST and WEST of
  the Prime Meridian.
• The Prime Meridian is an imaginary line that runs
  from the North Pole to the South Pole.
• The Prime Meridian is located at 0 degrees
  longitude
• Lines of longitude are also called meridians.

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Cheat Sheet

• Lines of Latitude
• Measures distance North and South of the Equator.
  
• Lines run in an east-west direction
• Also known as Parallels. Includes The Equator
  
• Lines of Longitude
• Measure distance East and West of the Prime
  Meridian.
• Lines run in a north-south direction Also known
  as Meridians. Includes The Prime Meridian

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Measurement in Degrees

• Lines of latitude range from 0 degrees, for
  locations on the equator, to 90 degrees N or 90
  degrees S, for locations on the North or South
  Poles.
• Lines of longitude range from 0 degrees on the
  Prime Meridian to 180 degrees on a meridian in
  the mid-Pacific Ocean. Meridians west of the
  Prime Meridian are labeled with a W. Those east
  of the Prime Meridian are labeled with an E.

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Measurement in Degrees

• Lines of Latitude Longitude cross, creating a
  grid system Used to determine an areas location
  (address) on earth.

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• Do you know many people who fish for a living?
• Do you take frequent walks along the ocean?
• Do you usually wear shorts in February?

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What is geography?

• Geography is a science that deals with the
  description, distribution, and interactions of
  the diverse physical features of the earths
  surface.

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How do we know when events occurred in Ancient
History? Do we know exactly when all events
occurred?
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Math of Time
Circa- The Latin word meaning about or
approximately Used especially to refer to
dates. Example-The wheel was invented circa 3000
B.C.
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Math of Time
Anno Domini. A.D. Latin words that means in the
year of the lord. Used to mark the years after
the birth of Christ/Christianity. C.E.- Common
Era is used in place of A.D.
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Math of Time
B. C.- dates before the birth of Christ.
or B.C.E- Before the Common Era.
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Decade- A time span of 10 years 50s 60s 70s 8
0s 90s
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Century- A time span of 100 years 800s the
9th century 1800s the 19th century 1900s
the 20th century Millennia- A time span of 1000
years
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What century is 1345 in?
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What century is 1345 in? 1345 1
14th century
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Timeline
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Timeline
B.C. A.D. lt------------------------
--------------------l-----------------------------
--------gt 3000 1500 500
500 1500 2009
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Math of AD,BC

• When you cross the timeline from BC you always
  add.
• If the dates are in both AD or in both BC you
  will subtract.
• If the dates are in both AD and BC you will add
  them together.

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Maps Political Map, A type of map that shows
man-made boundaries, locations and
Capitals.. Physical Map, A type of map that
shows natural features Mountains,
rivers.... Population Maps, shows the number of
people living in the world. Climate maps, shows
normal weather for a location over a period of
time. Products maps, natural resource maps,
....
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Map Observation

• Examine the two maps on your desk.
• What do you notice?
• How are they the same?
• How are they different?

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Peters Map vs. Mercator

• The Peters Map of the World (1974) shows the
  earth's geographic relationships better than the
  standard Mercator map (c. 1569), which is what we
  all likely grew up with. In this map, land
  masses and nations are shown in true proportion.
  For example, the sheer physical enormity of
  Africa is clear. The traditional Mercator map
  seriously distorts physical geography, vastly
  over-representing the northern hemisphere and
  under-representing the southern hemisphere. In
  the Mercator projection, as another example,
  Greenland, which has 0.8 million square miles, is
  shown as being equal to Africa, which has 11.6
  million square miles.

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Peters Map vs. Mercator

• The Mercator map, land masses and nations are
  shown in true proportion.