French Revolution --"Liberal" Phase

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The French Revolution "Bourgeois" Phase 1789-1794
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The French Monarchy1775 - 1793
Marie Antoinette Louis XVI
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Population of France

• 13million

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The French Urban Poor
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French Budget, 1774
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Where is the tax money?
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Financial Problemsin France, 1789

• Urban CommonersBudget
• Food 80
• Rent 25
• Tithe 10
• Taxes 35
• Clothing 20
• TOTAL 170

• Kings Budget
• Interest 50
• Army 25
• Versailles 25
• Coronation 10
• Loans 25
• Admin. 25
• TOTAL 160

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Lettres de Cachet

• The French king could warrantimprisonment or
  death in asigned letter under his seal.

• A carte-blanche warrant.

• Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000during the reign of
  Louis XV!

• Eliminated in 1790.

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Europe on the Eve of theFrench Revolution
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Convening the Estates General May, 1789
Last time it was called into session was 1614!
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The Suggested Voting PatternVoting by Estates
Clergy 1st Estate
1
Aristocracy 2nd Estate
1
1
Commoners 3rd Estate
Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction
of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.
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The Number of Representativesin the Estates
General Vote by Head!
Clergy 1st Estate
300
Aristocracy 2nd Estate
300
648
Commoners 3rd Estate
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Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
1st What is the Third Estate?
Everything! 2nd What has it been
heretofore in the political order?
Nothing! 3rd What does it demand? To
become something therein!
Abbé Sieyès1748-1836
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The Third Estate Awakens

• The commoners finally presented their credentials
  not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as
  representatives of the nation.

• They proclaimed themselves the National
  Assembly of France.

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Les Tricoteuses

• Women who fight for the French Revolution.

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Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789

• A rumor that the king was planning a military
  coup against the National Assembly.

• 18 died.
• 73 wounded.
• 7 guards killed.
• It held 7 prisoners 5 ordinary criminals 2
  madmen.

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The Great Fear Peasant Revolt(July 20, 1789)

• Rumors that the feudal aristocracy the aristos
  were sending hired brigands to attack peasants
  and pillage their land.

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Night Session of August 4, 1789

• Before the night was over
• The feudal regime in France had been abolished.
• All Frenchmen were, at least in principle,
  subject to the same laws and the same taxes and
  eligible for the same offices.

Equality Meritocracy!
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The Tricolor (1789)
The WHITE of the Bourbons the RED BLUE of
Paris.
Citizen!
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National Constituent Assembly1789 - 1791
Liberté!
Egalité!
Fraternité!
August DecreesAugust 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation
of aristocratic privileges!)
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
August 26, 1789

• Liberty!
• Property!
• Resistance to oppression!

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Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)

• Women played a vital role in the Revolution.
• But, The Declaration of the Rights of Man did NOT
  extend the rights and protections of citizenship
  to women.

Declaration of the Rights of Womanand of the
Citizen (1791)
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The October Days (1789)
The king was thought to be surrounded by evil
advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move
to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace.
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March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789
A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for
bread.
We want the baker, the bakers wife and the
bakers boy!
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The Tricolor is the Fashion!
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The Liberty Cap Bonne Rouge
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Revolutionary Symbols
Cockade
Liberté
La Republic
Revolutionary Clock
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Revolutionary Playing Cards
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How to Finance the New Govt.?1. Confiscate
Church Lands (1790)
One of the most controversial decisions of the
entire revolutionary period.
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2. Print Assignats

• Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.
• Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands
  as security.

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New Relations Between Church State

• Government paid the salaries of the French clergy
  and maintained the churches.
• The church was reorganized
• Parish priests ? elected by the district
  assemblies.
• Bishops ? named by the department assemblies.
• The pope had NO voice in the appointment of
  the French clergy.
• It transformed FrancesRoman Catholic
  Churchinto a branch of the state!!

Pope Pius VI1775-1799
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Constitution of 1791
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The French Constitution of 1791 A Bourgeois
Government

• The king got the suspensive veto which
  prevented the passage of laws for 4 years.
• He could not pass laws.
• His ministers were responsible for their own
  actions.

• A permanent, elected, single chamber National
  Assembly.
• Had the power to grant taxation.

• An independent judiciary.

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Louis XVI Accepts the Constitution the
National Assembly. 1791
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The Royal Family Attempts to Flee

• June, 1791
• Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen
  Marie Antoinettes lover.
• Headed toward the Luxembourgborder.
• The King wasrecognized atVarennes, nearthe
  border

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The First Coalition The Brunswick
Manifesto(August 3, 1792)
Duke of Brunswick? if the Royal Family is
harmed, Paris
will be leveled!!
1792-1797
FRANCE
AUSTRIAPRUSSIABRITAINSPAINPIEDMONT
This military crisis undermined the new
Legislative Assembly.
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Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children
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Petite Trianon,Chateau
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Marie AntoinettesPeasant Cottage
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Marie Antoinettes Boudoir
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The Necklace Scandal
1,600,000 livres100 million today

• Cardinal Louis René Édouard de Rohan
• The Countess de LaMotte

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Let Them Eat Cake!

• Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!
• Madame Deficit
• The Austrian Whore

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Attitudes actions of monarchy court
Fear ofCounter-Revolution
Religiousdivisions
The Causes of Instability in France1792 - 1795
Politicaldivisions
EconomicCrises
War
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The September Massacres, 1792

• Buveurs de sang drinkers of blood.
• Over 1,000 Parisians killed!

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Louis XVI as a Pig
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The Guillotine

• Single purpose decapitation
• Blade 89 inches, could cut in 0.005 seconds.
• Never mass-produced, made by hand.

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History

• Dr. Joseph Guillotine recognized the swift method
  and thought it fit in with human rights and
  promoted it in 1789-he was laughed at by other
  National Assembly members.
• First one built in 1792 and supported by Dr.
  Louis-called the louison or louisette
• Prototype tested on animals and dead poor people.
• Later changed to the Guillotine to commemorate
  Dr. Guillotine who NEVER built one.
• The First criminal was beheaded on April 24,
  1792.

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King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

• The most famous victims. Louis was beheaded for
  treason in 1793. Marie-Antoinette was imprisoned
  for nine moths before being executed.
• During the Revolution 17,000 to 40,000 were
  killed. During the Reign of Terror about 3,000 a
  month. (3/4 innocent)
• Beheading were violent, with blood still pumping
  out of the bodies, pouring over gutters, and
  running down the streets.

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Louis XVIs Head (January 21, 1793)
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Marie Antoinette as a Serpent
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Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine
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Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793
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The French Revolution Radical Phase 1792-1794
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What was the National Convention?

• All the members of the National Assembly got
  together to decided what to do with the king.

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The First French Republic1792-1795 The Jacobins
ruled it.
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The Jacobins

• The Jacobins were the main political party that
  existed during the French Revolution. This party
  was in control and its leader was Robespierre

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Committee for Public Safety

• Revolutionary Tribunals.
• Created to protect the people
• 300,000 arrested.
• 16,000 50,000 executed.

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The Political Spectrum
TODAY
1790s
The Plain(uncommitted)
Montagnards(The Mountain)
Girondists
Monarchíen(Royalists)
Jacobins
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The Reign of Terror
Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt,
severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre
Let terror be the order of the day!
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Leaders of the Reign of Terror!
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Maximillian Robespierre(1758 1794)
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Maximillian Robespierre(1758 1794)
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Jean-Paul Marat(1744 1793)
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The Death of Maratby Jacques Louis David, 1793
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The Assassination of Maratby Charlotte
Corday (Paul Jacques Aimee Baudry,
19c)
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Robespierre Arrested!

• Robespierre is put on trial for his brutality!!

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The Revolution ConsumesIts Own Children!
Danton Awaits Execution, 1793
Robespierre Lies WoundedBefore the Revolutionary
Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined,
1794.
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Napoleon Comes to Power

• The People are tired of a republic and the
  great military commander Napoleon comes to power.
• He crowns himself emperor in 1802.