Overview of the Human Body

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Overview of the Human Body

• Biology
• Mrs. Cuddihy
• video

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Body Tissue p 84 Warm up write a list of the
levels in this diagram from smallest to largest.
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Body Tissue p84

• a collection of similar cells that work together
  to perform a function. Video
• types of tissue
• Muscle
• Nervous
• Epithelial
• Connective

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• 1. Muscle Tissue p84
• cells that can contract together.
• Skeletal muscle moves bones
• Smooth muscle controls independent body
  functions, ex digestion
• Cardiac muscle is found
• in your heart

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Body Tissues p 84
Chapter 45

• 2. Nervous Tissue
• cells (neurons) that
• receive and
• transmit messages
• in the form of
• electrical impulses through nerves
• to control body movement or
• sense surroundings.
• Found all over body

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P 84
Chapter 45

• 3. Epithelial Tissue- sheets of cells that covers
  a body surface or lines a body cavity.
• Ex, skin. It works as a protective layer for the
  body.

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P 84
Chapter 45

• 4. Connective Tissue
• connects and supports other tissues.
• these are the most abundant and diverse of the
  four

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Human Body Tissues
Chapter 45
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The Skeletal System p86

• Warm up what kind of tissue makes up the
  skeletal system?
• Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides the framework for muscles
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores minerals

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Where are the 206 Bones?

• 22 bones in skull
• 6 in middle ears
• 1 hyoid bone
• 26 in vertebral column
• 25 in thoracic cage
• 4 in pectoral girdle
• 60 in upper limbs
• 60 in lower limbs
• 2 in pelvic girdle

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P 86

• The axial skeleton support and protect the organs
  of the head, neck, and trunk.
• video

• It includes
• Skull-video
• sternum
• ribs
• backbone

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P 86

• It includes
• legs
• arms
• shoulders
• pelvis

• 2. The appendicular skeleton are bones that
  attach to the axial skeleton
• Video

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• The purple is the axial skeleton and the yellow
  is the appendicular skeleton.

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P 86

• Bones video
• Bone marrow is a soft tissue inside some bones.
• Red marrow produces and stores red and white
  blood cells.
• Yellow marrow is made of stored fat.
• video

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Parts of a Bone
bone membrane
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Joints p86

• The place where two bones meet is known as a
  joint.
• Three major kinds of joints
• - Fixed-no movement (skull)
• Semimovable-knee, neck
• movable-arm, wrist

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Muscular system p88

• Warm up describe the kind of tissue make up
  muscles. video
• Composed of muscles, blood vessels and tendons
• Movement
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
• video

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Skeletal Muscle p88

• muscles you can control voluntary muscles.
• handout
• Myofibril muscle fibers
• Calcium causes actin and myosin in the myofibril
  to move towards each other and the muscle
  contracts.

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Smooth Muscle p88

• forms the walls of the stomach, intestines, blood
  vessels, and other internal organs.
• Since we dont control this, its called
  involuntary muscle.

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Cardiac Muscle p88

• makes up the walls of the heart
• are involuntary and each cell has one nucleus.

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Muscular Contractions p88

• Muscle contraction is an all-or-none
  responseeither the fibers contract (get closer
  together) or they remain apart.
• The more muscle fibers that contract, the
  stronger the force
• Minilab p. 937

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Muscular Movement of Bones p88

• Muscles are attached directly to the bone or by
  connective tissue called a tendon.
• Bones are connected to other bones by ligaments
  video

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Opposing Muscles in the Arm
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Muscle Questions p. 87

1. What is the function of the muscular system?
2. What are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue and what
   are their roles in the body?
3. How does a muscle contract?
4. Whats the difference between a tendon and a
   ligament?

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Nervous System p130
warm up describe the tissue that makes up the
nervous system. A system that controls all of the
activities of the body.
The nervous system is made of
The brain
The spinal cord
The nerves
The senses
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Nerve Impulse p 130
Messages carried throughout the body by
nerves. Nerve cells are neurons. Draw on top 1/3
left page
axon
dendrites
Cell body
synapse
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Central Nervous System p130

• made of the brain and the spinal cord. video

• controls everything in the body.

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Brain p130
An organ that controls your emotions, thoughts,
and movement
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The Spinal Cord p130
The spinal cord sends messages to and from the
brain to the rest of the body.
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Peripheral Nervous System p130
made of the nerves and the 5 sense organs.
video Carries messages between the central
nervous system and the rest of the body.
Sense organs
Nerves
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Peripheral nervous system controls activities
in your small intestine, your breathing, and your
heartbeat automatically.
controls
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Nervous system questions p89

1. What is the function of the nervous system?
2. What structures make up the nervous system and
   what are their roles?
3. What the difference between central and
   peripheral nervous system?
4. What are the 5 senses what is their role in the
   nervous system?

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Digestive System p92 video
Warm up what type of muscle tissue would make
up the digestive system? Is it voluntary or
involuntary?
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Label your paper p92
Large Intestine
Mouth
Stomach
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
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Mouth p92

• Mechanical digestion chewing cuts food into
  small pieces
• Chemical digestion saliva contains (amylase)
  which starts to break down starch
• Swallowing
• Food moves into esophagus
• Food moves via peristalsis (muscle contractions
  of the esophagus)

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p92

• Open the stomach tab and write

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Stomach p92

• Mechanical digestion 3 layers of muscles in the
  stomach wall contract to break food down
• Chemical digestion Enzymes (pepsin) starts
  breaking down proteins
• Food remains in the stomach for 2-4 hours video

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• Open the small intestine tab and write

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small intestine p92

• 18 feet long, and 1 in wide
• muscle contractions break up food
• enzymes break down
• proteins and
• carbohydrates

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Stomach

• p92
• Pancreas Produces enzymes to break down
  protein, carbs, and fats
• Liver produces bile, to break down fats. Bile
  is stored in gall bladder.
• -Villi tiny fingerlike structures in
  intestine that absorb food into bloodstream.

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• Open the large intestine tab and write

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In the large intestinep92

• Also called the colon
• Only indigestible materials remain
• Water is absorbed by the intestine walls
• After about 18-24 hours in the large intestine,
  the leftover material passes out of your body.
• video

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The Circulatory System
Parts and Function
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The Circulatory system p94

• Warm up Write down 3 things you remember from
  the video.
• The Heart
• The Blood Vessels
• Blood

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THE HEART
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Parts of The Heart p94

• The Atria
• -Receiving Chambers
• The Ventricles
• -Pumping Chambers
• The Valves
• -Controls Flow
• The Septum
• -Divides the Heart

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What Direction Does Blood Flow? p94

• Blood comes into the heart from the right atrium
  to the right ventricle.
• blood gets sent to the lungs to pick up oxygen
  and returns to the heart.

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Anatomy of heart website

• http//www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?ob
  jIDAP12504

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p 94

• The blood re-enters the heart through the left
  atrium to the left ventricle.
• The blood then is pumped throughout the rest of
  the body to pick up carbon dioxide (waste) and
  deliver oxygen.

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Heart Vocabulary p94

• Cardiac means of the heart or relating to the
  heart
• Heartbeat an automatic pumping of the heart in
  a regular rhythm

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Fun Facts

• Hearts beats about 70 times a minute
• The heart pumps more than 7,000 liters per day
• The heart beats faster in children than in adults
• You can feel your pulse on your wrist or under
  your neck
• Each pulse is the heart pumping blood into your
  arteries

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Blood Vessels
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Types of Blood Vessels p94

• Arteries
• -Carry blood away from the Heart
• -The Aorta is the largest artery
• Veins
• -Carry blood to the Heart
• -Veins contain valves
• -The Vena Cava is the largest vein
• Capillaries
• -Known as the Distribution Pipes

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Blood
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The Composition of Blood p94

• The Plasma (Fluid) makes up 55 of the blood
  volume.
• The Solids (Cells) make up 45 of the blood
  volume.

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Blood Solids p94

• Red Blood Cells
• -Carry oxygen
• -Contain Hemoglobin
• White Blood Cells
• -Attack bacteria other invaders
• Platelets
• -Control the blood clotting process

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Circulatory System Questions p 93

1. Why is the circulatory system important?
2. Describe how blood flows into the heart and to
   the body.
3. Compare and contrast arteries and veins
4. Describe the parts of blood and give their
   functions.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM p96

• Warm upwrite down 3 things you remember from the
  video

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Components of System p96

• Nasal Cavity
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs

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Nasal Cavity p96

• Designed to filter out air contaminants
• Lined with hair and mucus
• Moisture in cavity helps to prevent lungs from
  drying out

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Larynx (voice box) p96

• Made of cartilage
• Contains vocal cords

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Trachea p96

• Made of C-shaped rings of cartilage
• Tiny cilia and mucus protect against pollutants

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Bronchi p96

• In the chest, the Trachea divides into two
  bronchi
• Smallest passageways are called bronchioles,
  which end in clusters of alveoli

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Alveoli p96

• Tiny air sacs containing a network of capillaries
• O2 and CO2 DIFFUSE across membrane
• O2 carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells

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Mechanics of Breathing p96

• Diaphragm causes breathing actions to occur and
  is located at bottom of rib cage
• Two major actions
  Inhalation diaphragm moves down causing air to
  be pulled into the lungs
• Exhalation diaphragm moves up , pushing air out
  of the lungs

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Why does breathing rate increase during exercise?
p96

• CO2 levels increase
• Blood becomes acidic
• Aorta sends signals to brain
• Brain stimulates diaphragm to contract more
  rapidly
• Therefore, you take in more O2 and release more
  CO2

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Respiratory System Questions p 95

1. Describe what happens during inhalation and
   exhalation.
2. Why is the respiratory system important?

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Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemical atoms combine to form molecules
• Cellular molecules interact to make up cells
• Tissue cells are grouped into tissue
• Organ tissues compose organs
• Organ system organs function together to form
  organ systems
• Organism (individual) made up of the organ
  systems

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Types of Joints

• Fixed Joints
• A joint at which no movement occurs
• Semimovable Joints
• A joint that will permit limited movement
• Cartilage can be involved to help these joints
  move.
• Movable joint
• - A joint at which a wide range of motion occurs.

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Movable Joints

• A hinge joint allows limited movement in only one
  plane.
• A ball-and-socket joint is another type of
  moveable joint and allows 360 degree movement in
  2 planes.
• A pivot joint allows 180 degree movement in only
  one plane.
• A saddle joint will allow 360 degree movement in
  only one plane.
• A gliding joint allows bones to slide over one
  another.

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Organs and Organ Systems
Chapter 45

• An organ consists of various tissues that carry
  out a specific function.
• Groups of organs interact and work together in an
  organ system.