Title: Anatomy
1Anatomy Physiology
2What is Anatomy Physiology?
- Anatomy
- Is the study of structure
3What is Anatomy Physiology?
- Subdivisions of anatomy
- Gross anatomy
- Microanatomy
- Cellular
- Histology
- Systemic anatomy
- Regional anatomy
4What is Anatomy Physiology?
- Physiology
- Is the study of function
- Structure determines function
5Anatomical Position
6Anatomical Terminology
7Anatomical Terminology
Peripheral toward the surface
8Anatomical Terminology
Superficial toward the surface
Deep Away from the surface
9Anatomical Planes
divides the body into a right and a left half
- mid sagittal
- parasagittal
10Anatomical Planes
divides the body into a front and a back
11Anatomical Planes
divides the body into upper and lower portions
12Anatomical Terminology
13CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
- Classify each plane illustrated below
horizontal
frontal
mid-sagittal
14Hierarchy of Organization
15Organ System Overview
- Integumentary System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Nervous System
- Endocrine System
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphatic System
- Respiratory System
- Digestive System
- Urinary System
- Reproductive System
16Life Processes
- metabolism
- responsiveness
- movement
- growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
17 Organ Systems Integumentary System
Function Protection
Organs/Components Epidermis and
Dermis Finger/toe nails Hair Sweat glands
18 Organ Systems Skeletal System
Function provide support for the body, to
protect delicate internal organs and to provide
attachment sites for the organs.
Organs/Components Bones, cartilage, joints
19 Organ Systems Muscular System
Function provide support and movement
Organs/Components skeletal muscle, cardiac
muscle, smooth muscle, tendons
20Organ Systems Circulatory System
Function transport nutrients, gases (such as
oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes through the
body.
Organs Heart, blood vessels and blood
21 Organ Systems Nervous System
Function directs behaviour and movement and,
along with the endocrine system, controls
physiological processes
Organs Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
22Respiratory System
Function provide gas exchange between the blood
and the environment for the organs.
Organs Nose, trachea and lungs. bronchi
23Digestive System
Function breakdown and absorb nutrients that
are necessary for growth and maintenance
Organs Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines
24Excretory System
Function filter out cellular wastes, toxins and
excess water from the circulatory system
Organs Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
25Endocrine System
Function relay chemical messages through the
body and in conjunction with the nervous system,
these chemical messages help control
physiological processes
Organs hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid,
ovaries/testies, and adrenal glands
26Reproductive System
Function manufacture cells that allow
reproduction
Organs ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and
mammary glands testes, seminal vesicles and penis
27Anatomical Terminology
28Anatomical Terminology
29Anatomical Terminology
30Anatomical Terminology
31Anatomical Terminology
32Anatomical Terminology
33Anatomical Terminology
34ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
35Anatomical Terminology
36(No Transcript)
37BodyCavities
Cranial Cavity
Dorsal
Thoracic
Pericardial
Spinal
Ventral
Abdominal
Pelvic
Abdomino-pelvic
38HOMEOSTASIS
- Is maintaining the internal environment within
physiological limits - Internal environment refers to the extracellular
fluids (EFC) - Includes lymph, plasma and interstitial fluid
- The maintenance of homeostasis results in health
39HOMEOSTASIS
- And Stress
- Homeostatic mechanisms attempt to counteract the
effects of the stress and bring the condition
back to normal
40HOMEOSTASIS
- Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system
and endocrine systems
41HOMEOSTASIS
- And Feedback Systems (Loops)
- a cycle of events in which information about the
status of a condition is continually monitored
and fed back (reported) to a central control
region. - Any stress that changes a controlled condition is
called a stimulus.
42HOMEOSTASIS
- And Feedback Systems (Loops)
- three basic components
- The control center
- The receptor
- The effector
43(No Transcript)
44HOMEOSTASIS
- And Feedback Systems (Loops)
- Negative Feedback Systems
- a. Reverses the original stimuls
- b. Tend to maintain conditions that
require frequent fine tuning - Positive Feedback Systems
- a. enhances the original stimulus
- b. tend to regulate conditions that do
not occur often and do not require
continual fine-tuning
45And Disease
HOMEOSTASIS
- Disease
- a. any change from a state of health,
characterized by symptoms signs - b. Local vs. systemic disease
46 Homeostasis And Disease
- Symptoms vs. Symptoms
- a. Symptoms
- are subjective changes in body functions
that are not apparent to an observer
b. Signs are objective
changes that a clinician can observe and
measure
47What is Anatomy Physiology?
- Anatomy
- Is the study of structure
- Subdivisions of anatomy
- surface anatomy
- gross anatomy
- systemic anatomy
- regional anatomy
- radiographic anatomy
- developmental anatomy
- embryology
- cytology
- pathological anatomy
48THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
49I. Atoms and molecules
- A. Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter.
- Nucleus
- Protons
- Neutrons
- 2. Electron cloud
- Electrons
- 3. Atoms are electrically neutral
- protons electrons
50I. Atoms and molecules
- B. Elements
- Element A substance that is made of only one
kind of atom - Contain atoms with the same number of protons
- Called atomic number
- Differ in number of electrons and
neutrons - 2. 92 naturally occurring
- 3. Principle elements of human body
- O, C, H, N, Ca, P
51II. Chemical bonding
- A. Ionic bonds
- Form when one atom gives up an e- and another
atom gains that e- - cations
- anions
- 2. Properties of Ionic Compounds
- readily dissolve in water
- dissociate in water into their cations and
anions.
52II. Chemical bonding
- B. Covalent bonds
- Form when two atoms share electrons, forming a
molecule
- Form a molecule
- Diatomic mc H2, 02, N2
- 2. Kinds of covalent bonds
- Nonpolar Covalent bonds
- Polar Covalent bonds
3. Properties of Covalent Cmpds strong bonds
53II. Chemical bonding
- C. Hydrogen bonds
- Form between two adjacent polar mc containing H
and O, N, or F - Ex between water mc
- 2. Properties of Covalent Cmpds
- Very weak
- Important in determining the shape of large
biological mc such as protein and DNA - Important in determining characteristics of water
54II. Chemical bonding
- D. States of Matter
- Are determined by the amount of bonding that
occurs between mc - Solid Liquid Gas
- 2. Properties of Covalent Cmpds
- Water is the only substance that can occur in all
three states within temperature ranges consistent
with life
55Solid
Liquid
Gas
56III. Chemical reactions
- A. Fundamental Concepts
- Metabolism
- Reactants
- 2. Products
- 3. Chemical reaction
- Energy
- Potential Energy
- Kinetic Energy
- Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy
57III. Chemical reactions
- B. Types of reactions
- Decomposition
- AB ? A B
- Catabolic processes
- Exergonic
- Hydrolysis
58III. Chemical reactions
- B. Types of reactions
- 2. Synthesis
- A B ? AB
- Anabolic processes
- Endergonic
- Dehydration Synthesis
59III. Chemical reactions
- B. Types of reactions
- Exchange
- AB CD ? AD CB
- Decomposition and synthesis may be paired.
60III. Chemical reactions
- C. Reversible reactions
- 1. Reactants become products while products
become reactants - A B ? AB
- Continues until equilibrium is reached
- 2. Very important to biological systems
- ATP ? ADP P
61III. Chemical reactions
- D. Enzymes and Chemical reactions
- 1. Enzymes are important reaction
catalysts in metabolic systems - Speed up the reaction
- Allow the reaction to occur at lower than normal
temperatures - Lower the activation energy
- 2. Are not altered or used up by the reaction
62(No Transcript)
63IV. Inorganic compounds
- Generally Concepts
- Dont contain both C H
- 2. Important organic cmpds in the human body
- CO2
- O2
- H2O
- inorganic acids, bases, and salts
64IV. Inorganic compounds
- B. Water
- Excellent solvent because it is polar.
- Solute solvent solution
65IV. Inorganic compounds
- B. Water
- Forms a reaction medium, particularly in
hydrolysis reactions which break down larger
molecules.
66IV. Inorganic compounds
- B. Water
- 3. High heat capacity and thus water stays in a
liquid form over a broad range of temps. - 4. Water is an important reactant in some types
of chemical reactions.
67IV. Inorganic compounds
- B. Water
- Water carries heat with it when it evaporates -
thus water helps stabilize body temperature. - Effective lubricant in joints and within body
cavities and thus serves a protective function.
68IV. Inorganic compounds
- C. Aqueous solutions and electrolytes
- Electrolytes
- Water soluble inorganic cmpds
- Are capable of conducting an electric current
- 2. Electrolytes and the electrical activity they
can generate are the basis for - nerve impulses
- muscle action
69IV. Inorganic compounds
- C. Aqueous solutions and electrolytes
- 3. Homeostasis of electrolytes in body fluids
- kidneys (rid body of excess ions)
- digestive (absorb ions from diet)
- skeletal (store and release ions)
- 4. Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Mc
70IV. Inorganic compounds
- D. Colloids and suspensions
- Colloids
- are solutions in which large and complex organic
mc are dispersed - mc stay in solution indefinitely
- Example proteins
- Suspensions
- Contain large particles that will settle out if
left undisturbed - Example blood
71IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
72IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- Acids
- Are substances which form H ions when in
solution - (the stronger the acid the more H ions it
contains)
73IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- Acids
- can break bonds, denature proteins, and
disrupt cell and tissue functions
74IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- Acids
- pH ? 7
- Examples
- Carbonic acid
- HCl
The lower the pH the stronger the acid
75IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- 2. Bases
- Are substances which form OH- ions when in
solution - (the stronger the base the more OH- ions it
contains) - pH ? 7
- (the stronger the base the higher the pH)
Normal pH of blood is 7.35
76IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- 2. Bases
- Strong bases are very damaging to cell processes
- Example NH4OH
77IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- 3. Salts
- Contain a cation other than H and an anion other
than OH - dissociate in water
- Are strong electrolytes
- pH 7
78IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- 3. Salts
- Importance in the body
- provide ions for transport of substances into and
out of cells - function in muscle contraction
- function in nerve impulse conduction
79IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- Changes in the acid-base balance are resisted by
- extracellular and intracellular chemical buffers
- respiratory regulation
- renal regulation
80IV. Inorganic compounds
- E. Acids/Bases / Salts and pH
- 5. Buffers
- compounds help stabilize the pH of a solution by
turning a strong acid or base into a weaker one - usually consist of a weak acid and its related
salt - Example
- bicarbonate ion buffers the blood
81V. Organic compounds
- A. General
- Long-chain molecules
- Always contain C and H
- Usually contain O
- Linked by covalent bonds
- Many are soluble in water
- Classes of Organic Cmpds
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
82V. Organic compounds
- Carbohydrates
- Contain C H O in a near
121 ratio - Most important function
Primary energy source for the cell
83V. Organic compounds
- Carbohydrates
- Kinds
- Monosaccharides
- Simple sugars
- 3-7 carbons in length
- Example Glucose (C6H12O6)
- Polysaccharides
- Most complex sugars
- Example Starch Glycogen
- Disaccharides
- Double sugars
- Example Lactose, sucrose
84V. Organic compounds
- Lipids
- Contain C H O in very large numbers
- Include
- Fats, oils and waxes
- Common examples
- triglycerides
- steroids
- phospholipids
85V. Organic compounds
- Lipids
- 5. Insoluble in water
- 4. Importance
- long term energy storage
- structural component of cell membranes
(phospholipids)
86B. Lipids
- 5. Kinds
- Fatty Acids
- saturated
- C have only single bonds
- unsaturated
- C have 1 or more double bonds.
- polyunsaturated
- double bonds
occur at multiple sites
87V. Organic compounds
- Lipids
- 5. Kinds
- Eicosanoids
- Have short C chains
- Prostaglandins local hormones
- Leukotrienes coordinate response to injury or
disease
88B. Lipids
- 5. Kinds
- Glycerides
- composed of fatty acids and glycerol
- Function
- Energy source
- Insulation
- Protection
89B. Lipids
- 5. Kinds
- Steroids
- lg lipid mc
- examples cholesterol, testoterone, estrogen
- Function
- Stabilize cell membrane
- Sex hormones
- Regulate metabolism and mineral balance
- Formation of bile
90B. Lipids
- 5. Kinds
- Phospholipd
- structural lipids that help form and maintain
cell membranes
polar head - hydrophilic nonpolar tail-
hydrophobic
91V. Organic compounds
- Proteins
- Examples
- Keratin, hemoglobin
- 1. Basics
- the most abundant organic components in the body
- contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
- If made of more than 30 amino acids it is called
a polypeptide
92C. Proteins
Made from amino acids (20 exist) held together by
peptide bonds
93V. Organic compounds
2. Functions Support, movement, transport,
buffers, regulate reactions, coordination,
control, defense 3. Structure Primary,
Secondary, Tertiary, Quatranary
94Peptide bonds
95Shape determines function
96V. Organic compounds
- 4. Shape Determines function
- Small changes in pH, temperature, ionic
composition can denature a protein (affects
protein structure) cause it not to function
properly - 5. Enzymes
- Biological catalysts
- Speed up a reaction without being used up in
the reaction
97V. Organic compounds
- 5. Enzymes
- Biological catalysts
- Speed up a reaction without being used up in
the reaction
98V. Organic compounds
- 5. Enzymes
- lower the needed activation energy
99V. Organic compounds
- 5. Enzymes
- Some poisons bond permanently to an enzyme
100V. Organic compounds
- 6. Glycoproteins
- Protein carbohydrate
- Important in cell recognition
101V. Organic compounds
- 6. Glycoproteins
- Function
- As enzymes
- As antibodies
- As hormones
- As cell membrane components
- To secrete mucins which absorb water to form
mucus
102V. Organic compounds
- lg organic mc that have
- C, H, O, N and P
- Function
- store and process information
- Structure
- made of nucleotides
- Phosphate, sugar, base
- (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)
- linked by dehydration synthesis
103V. Organic compounds
- Structure
- made of nucleotides
104V. Organic compounds
- Kinds
- DNA
- Important in inheritance
- Codes for and directs the synthesis of proteins
- Regulates cell metabolism
- Found in nucleus
- Double stranded
- Sugar is Deoxyribose
- Bases are A G C T
- Able to self replicate
105DNA STRUCTURE
106V. Organic compounds
- Kinds
- RNA
- comes in several forms (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) that
cooperate to manufacture proteins - Single stranded
- Found in nucleus and cytoplasm
- Bases are U A G C
- Sugar is ribose
107(No Transcript)
108E. High Energy Compounds
V. Organic compounds
- Energy currency cells is ATP
- ATP made of 3 phosphate groups attached to an
adenosine (composed of adenine and ribose)
1092. Energy is stored when P is added to ADP
(energonic)
1102. Energy is released when P is added to
ADP (exergonic)
111E. High Energy Compounds
- 3. Another form, called cyclic-AMP is used as
an intracellular signal.