AP European history Test II

1
AP European history Test II

• Economic Renewal, The Wars of Religion, The
  Triumph Over Parliament, and Absolutism in France

2
Navigation, etc.

• A bunch of people sailing around places and
  stabbing other people, giving them diseases, and
  returning with buckets of money and a bunch of
  glory.

3
The Opening of the Atlantic

• Around 1500, the Atlantic becomes a bridge, a
  starting place.
• Improvements in shipbuilding, sail rigging, new
  compasses, and new maps with grids!
• The results are favorable for the Europeans and
  not so favorable for the various Native Americans
  who subsequently contracted small pox and died.
  Think Pocahontasnot the Disney version.
• Despite the fact that many indigenous peoples
  suffered horribly at the hands of European
  expansion, there were undeniable advancements for
  European culture. Europe encountered other
  religions and cultures, built up a decisive naval
  power, a new coastal commercial class sprung
  forth, and the American potato fortified the
  working class! Irish anyone? There was also a new
  race consciousness.

4
Discovery and Destruction

• For a very long time, Europe had looked to Asia
  for its luxury goods silks, spices, etc. Europe
  had never really taken action and been the
  go-getters.
• HOWEVER, in 1498, Portuguese Vasco da Gama, after
  sailing around the tip of Africa, landed on the
  southwest coast of India (MALABAR COAST). The
  Portuguese wanted in on the trade and in on the
  money. In 1502, Vasco da Gama returned with an
  army, who decimated the Arab merchants, Indians,
  and their cities.
• In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue for
  reasons you should remember from History 100. He
  killed people too, which makes you question
  Columbus Day.
• Cortes killed Aztecs and conquered Mexico,
  Pizarro killed Incas and ruined an Empire.
  Magellan sails in 1520. You have to consider that
  while they brought glory and gold to their
  homelands, they completely destroyed someone
  elses.
• Massive forced migrations of slaves from Africa,
  spurred by Portuguese Africa footholds. Imposed
  their way of life, religion, culture on others.

That gold was cursed for a reason.
5
SPAIN!

• Spain conquered its way around South America,
  Mexico, and the Carribean. They kind of tried to
  moderate the exploitation of Native Americans and
  indigenous peoples, kind of.
• So basically, in 1545, the Spanish struck gold
  (and by gold, I mean silver) when they discovered
  the silver deposits at Potosi in Peru.
• 1565, established a trade route between their
  Mexican colonies and the Philippines. This equals
  a lot of money for Spain, because there were
  spices and silks and porcelain and all sorts of
  expensive things coming through on Spanish ships.
  Also, shipped European goods (all they wanted was
  silver) over to Asia.

6
WWDQD What would Dr. Q do?

• Well, Dr. Q would probably ask you a question
  about the definition of the word discovery.
• Lets quote page 101, shall we?
• Discovery means the bringing of newly found
  countries within the habitual knowledge or
  permanent commercial activity of the society from
  which the discoverer comes.
• So while America was already there, Columbus
  discovered it, because Spain (he was from
  Portugal, sailing for Spain because of that darn
  da Gama) didnt know about it yet.

7
In Summary

• Europe profited from finally getting their act
  together in ship technology and crossing the
  Atlantic. They gained a new source of income, a
  new work force (slavery), a new commercial class
  evolved, and they could feed the workforce with
  the Great American Potato.
• HOWEVER, they completely annihilated other
  culturesthe Aztecs, the Incas, the Native
  Americansand instead forced their ways of life
  on them. They enslaved them and stripped their
  land for economic profit.
• In an age of oceanic communications Europe
  became a center from which America, Africa, and
  Asia could all be reached. So Europe is
  practically the center of the universe.
• Dates Roughly 1498, the whole thing starts with
  da Gama. People continue to sail around (like
  Magellan in 1520), discovering things. By the
  1560s, you have more slaves in America than
  colonists. 1545, Potosi. 1565, Spanish trade
  route to the Philippines.

8
The commercial revolution

• People eat potatoes and multiply like bunnies,
  inflation takes over, entrepreneurs get busy with
  banking, new industries make certain people very
  rich, and mercantilism takes hold!

9
Population boom

• During the 16th century, the European population
  rose by about 20 million people. The rise in
  population was most visible in rural regions.
• Because of the rise in population, there was an
  increasing demand for food. This led to more
  cultivated land and farmers working more land
  that was less fertile. Thus, farming cost more
  and the price of the product went through the
  roof.

10
Rising Prices

• Prices rose for the following reasons
• Farming and agriculture was more expensive, and
  thus the prices of agricultural products rose.
• Kings debased the value of the currencies in an
  effort to get more money circulating.
• New sources of income from new lands, such as the
  silver coming from Peru and the gold coming from
  America, also contributed to the decrease in the
  value of currency.
• Note all prices rose, but the value of wages
  rose the least.

11
Entrepreneurs

• The widening of the trade market meant that there
  was an increase in long-distance trading. This is
  where new entrepreneurs came in! They started as
  merchants working far and wide, who had a good
  knowledge of what people wanted, and generally
  rose to be bankers.
• Fuggers! 1386, started out in woolens and
  gradually expanded their wares. They invested
  their profits in other industries, made more
  money, lent money to prominent people (Holy Roman
  Emperors and Popes!), and became bankers to the
  Habsburgs.
• Also, think Medici.

Christopher Fugger
12
New Industries and practices

• Mining!
• Printing and book trade!
• Shipbuilding!
• Weapons manufacturing!
• These couldnt be done on a local level, so it
  brought lots of work to cities!
• New banking practices included interest!

13
Mercantilism

• According to Microsofts Encarta Encyclopedia,
  mercantilism was
• An early modern European economic theory and
  system that actively supported the establishment
  of colonies that would supply materials and
  markets and relieve home nations of dependence on
  other nations.
• True that. It also involved an opposition to
  guilds (which were like unions), because they
  were localistic.
• Mercantilists believed that the government must
  steer and regulate prices and trade!
• Example British imperialism profits from selling
  raw material products to the colonies from which
  and by whom these materials were extracted.

14
In Summary

• In the great economic readjustment that was
  taking place in Europe two other factors were
  the growth of population and a long, gradual rise
  in prices, or a slow inflation.
• Blah, blah, blah. Economics. Basically, all you
  need to care about is mercantilismthe support of
  colonies overseas that were rich in resources, so
  countries wouldnt have to spend money buying
  things from other people. It was a good idea. We
  should try it sometime.

15
Changing social structures

• Middle class expands!
• Does anyone really care?
• No.

16
BLAH.

• This entire section is out of this world boring
  and pointless.
• The middle class became more numerous in the
  sixteenth century.
• The mass of the population in all countries was
  composed of the working poor, which would be
  people who couldnt read or write, laborers, the
  unemployed, maids, etc.
• The poorgained the least from the great
  commercial developments The poor stayed
  screwed.
• Education became more important, demand for more
  educated clergy (from the reforms at the Council
  of Trent, remember that?).

17
Wars! Spain Style.

• King Philip II, The Escorial, ass-kicking in
  Amsterdam, nosy England, Spanish decline

18
Philip the second

• Phillip II thought he was pretty amazing, because
  he had power over Portugal, Spain, had England
  for five years, and had a claim on the French
  throne.
• Thought Spain should be the Catholic Crusaders of
  Europe. Wanted to enhance power in Italy, and
  other things like that, relying on money coming
  in from new territories. Spain was in a Golden
  Age at the timewith Don Quixote, etc.
• Built himself a new castle, The Escorial, but was
  also a center for the efficient management of a
  vast empire.
• It was a good time for a religious war, since
  people didnt have a grand sense of unity just
  because they lived in the same country. It was a
  time of divisionbetween Calvinists and
  Catholics, etc.

19
Things Fall Apart for Spain

• 1567, Philip sends a governor general to the
  Netherlands with twenty-thousand troops. There
  were several small victories over the next five
  years, but none of them lastedPhilip was beaten
  back by the Turks, the English defeated
  Catholicism, and the Huguenots and Dutch
  Calvinists were still protesting!
• The people of the Netherlands revolt. Meanwhile,
  Elizabeth is imprisoning Catholic Mary Queen of
  Scots, and is a little busy to help out the
  Dutch. However, once she figures out that the
  Spanish want to depose herespecially that Don
  Juan fellow in 1576she allies with the Dutch.
• Union of Utrecht in 1579 provinces of
  Netherlands are independent from Spain and a line
  is drawn.
• Queen Elizabeth has obviously made England this
  uber-Protestant power.
• Spanish Armada gets dragged into this nasty
  situation, read in 1588, but never makes it to
  Spain. Oops.
• So how do things end? The Netherlands are
  dividedProtestant North, Catholic South. Spain
  begins to decline after all this money-wasting
  war and defeat. Spain is lacking unity,
  everything has basically fallen apart from
  religious suspicion.

20
The Disintegration and Reconstruction of France

• Disunity, Religious Wars, and Cardinal Richelieu

21
Political and Religious Disunity

• Wars of religion in France were no more religious
  than they were politicalcontinuation of feudal
  rebellion against nobility. Caused by a conflict
  of feudal elements and royal authority.
• New Monarchy forcing unity, king alone makes
  decisions.
• Local influence very strong though, since no
  religious unity (Huguenots, Gallican Church
  disconnected from Rome), had own tariffs,
  individual provinces had a sense of identity, had
  corporate rights
• Lutheranism/Protestantism spread, unsupported by
  government
• French nobility largely protestant were
  allowed to have Protestant services in own homes
• Francis I / Henry II opposed Calvinism, Henry II
  killed in 1559, so Catherine de Medici (widow)
  takes over for young sons. No firm hand on
  monarchy disrepair, many people trying to
  manipulate their way into power, including
  factions of Huguenots and Catholics.

22
The Civil and Religious Wars

• The civil wars in 16th century France were caused
  by anarchy, various leaders banding together with
  rebels, etc.
• The Guises (a Catholic party, headed by Duke of
  Guise and Cardinal of Lorraine) were trying
  through careful manipulation to govern France and
  cut down on heresy.
• 1572, Catherine de Medici had Coligny (a
  prominent Huguenot leader) and thousands of
  Huguenots killed in St. Bartholomews Day
  Massacre. Henry of Navarre (Protestant)
  temporarily converts to save his own life.
• Jean Bodin (1530 1596) was a politique,
  invented sovereignty, circa 1576 height of
  influence ? divine right
• The ideas of politiques ? absolutism and the
  sovereign state, religion is 2nd and effective
  government comes first.

23
The End of Wars

• 1589, Henry III of France and Henry of Guise were
  both assassinated! Throne passes to the Huguenot
  Henry of Navarre.
• He did not end wars, Catholics wouldnt accept
  him, and the Spaniards opposed him as well. In
  1593, Henry legitimately converts to Catholicism,
  sensing unpopularity and political disadvantage
  of being Protestant. Had politique sensibility.
• EDICT OF NANTES 1598 every noble can hold
  Protestant services in household, but bars
  Protestant churches from Catholic towns no
  discrimination against Protestants, mixed
  courts, etc. In response to this edict, the
  Huguenots become less rebellious.
• French are mostly still suspicious of the Edict
  of Nantes and Henrys motives, but tolerance was
  forced. Henry, satisfied, then attempts to
  restored Frances government, economy, and
  societal peace.
• Henry IV was murdered 1610 by madman who saw him
  as threat to the Catholic Church
• Marie de Medici opened the Estates General (a
  council which presided over national legislature
  filled with power-hungry nobles, feudal element)
  in 1613 and dismissed in 1615 under Richelieus
  pressure and to everyones relief.

24
Cardinal Richelieu

• Cardinal Richelieu was an ecclesiastic who gained
  power during Marie de Medici and Louis XIIIs
  time. He was a politique who was responsible for
  various mercantilist edicts.
• There was a renewed threat of civil war, nobles
  feuding, so Richelieu outlawed dueling, etc.
• In 1627, there was Huguenot rebellion led by Duke
  of Rohan in La Rochelle with English assistance.
  The rebellion was suppressed by 1629 with Peace
  of Alais.
• Peace of Alais the Huguenots lost armies,
  fortified cities, territorial rights, but
  retained religious and civil rights for 50 more
  years.
• Richelieu returned France to opposing foreign
  powers in Spain and Habsburgs, etc.
• parlements law court consisting of landed
  nobility, a feudal element.

25
The Thirty Years War and the Disintegration of
Germany

• 1618 1648

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Overview of the War

• The Preconditions
• There as an economic slowdown in Germany, and the
  population was evenly split between Lutherans and
  Catholics and polarized by religion. The
  Calvinists were angered by the fact that the
  Peace of Augsburg did not include them.
• The Peace of Augsburg had stated that ones
  conversion to Lutheranism meant a loss of all
  Catholic assets and properties. This was being
  violatedsome Lutherans were retaining Catholic
  propertyand was a source of extreme tension
  between Catholics and Lutherans.
• The Catalyst
• The defenestration of Prague, which occurred in
  May 1618, is the common name of an event in which
  enraged Bohemian citizens fearing the loss of
  their liberties threw Holy Roman Empire
  emissaries out of a window.
• The Bohemians eventually succeeded in electing
  their own king, and the Habsburgs immediately set
  out on re-conquering Bohemia with aid from the
  Dutch, the English, and the private fighters of
  Albert of Wallenstein.
• Who Got Involved
• The French and the Swedes got involved in the war
  because of Richelieus little vendetta against
  the Habsburgs. Because the French were busy
  suppressing the Huguenots, they sent diplomats to
  get the Swedes out of Poland and financed them to
  fight the Habsburgs.
• Changes in the War
• In 1618, the war was a local and religious issue.
• By 1648, the war was an international issue
  involving France, Spain, and many other
  countries. The war had become much more political
  than it was religious.