Jefferson and Madison Study Guide

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Jefferson and Madison Study Guide

• 8th Grade

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On March 4, 1801, Thomas Jefferson became the
first President inaugurated in Washington, D.C.

• Defeated President John Adams, a Federalist, did
  not attend the event he considered Jefferson to
  be a radical.
• In his inaugural address, Jefferson declared, We
  are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.
• He also said, The will of the majority in all
  cases is to prevail.

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Jefferson wanted a smaller, simpler, more
democratic government.

• He believed that the type of government that
  governs the best, governs the least.
• Jefferson stressed an idea known as laissez faire
  French for let alone.
• He thought government should especially stay out
  of economic affairs.
• This was a departure from the control issued by
  Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury.

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• John Marshall- Federalist Judge Appointed by
  Adams as Chief Justice to Supreme Court in 1803
  he decided a case to increase the power of
  Judicial Branch.
• Judicial Review- Supreme Court has power to
  decide whether congress and laws are
  unconstitutional. It is implied in the
  Constitution Article III and VI which declares
  that the Constitution is the supreme law of the
  land---no state or federal law is allowed to
  violate the Constitution
• Marbury v. Madison- Legal case brought to Supreme
  Court . William Marbury sued Madison (Sec. of
  State) for not delivering official papers because
  only Supreme Ct could hear cases against Federal
  officials. Results Judiciary Act declared
  unconstitutional, court rules against Marbury,
  Judicial Review set up.

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The Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson was interested in acquiring the city of
  New Orleans, through which farmers in the western
  United States had to ship their goods.
• In April 1802, Robert Livingston, ambassador to
  France, was instructed to negotiate the purchase
  for under 10 million.

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In April 1803, Napoleon announced that he was
willing to sell the entire Louisiana territory.

• The French emperor needed money to fund his war
  against Great Britain and the rest of Europe.
• The final price was 15 million or roughly 4
  per acre.
• The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the
  United States.
• The Senate confirmed the treaty in October 20,
  1803 although every Federalist senator voted
  against it.

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Lewis Clark Expedition

• From 1804-1806, Meriwether Lewis and William
  Clark led the Corps of Discovery from St. Louis
  to the Pacific Ocean and back.
• Assisted by Native Americans, they studied the
  land, soil, climate, and wildlife of the land and
  the language and customs of its inhabitants.
• Jefferson had suggested the expedition before the
  Louisiana Purchase.

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• Sacajawea- Shoshone woman who accompanied Lewis
  and Clark during winter with the Mandans worked
  as a guide and translator
• Shoshones- Native American tribe near the
  Rockies Nez Perce located near Pacific Northwest
• Weehawken, NJ- location of the Burr and Hamilton
  Duel.
• Hamilton never trusted Burr and accused Burr of
  treason. In July 1804, the two men challenged one
  another to a duel. Burr fired and Hamilton was
  shot he died from the wound.

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Election of 1804

• Jefferson won re-election in a landslide.
• He won 162 electoral votes to 14 for Federalist
  challenger Charles C. Pinckney.
• The Federalist Party was slowly dying out.
• Vice President Aaron Burr was replaced on the
  Republican ticket by New York Governor George
  Clinton.

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In his second term, Jefferson had to deal with
the impressment of American sailors by the
British.

• The British forcibly removed sailors and forced
  them to serve on British ships.
• Rather than go to war, Jefferson urged Congress
  to pass the Embargo Act.
• The 1807 law forbade Americans from importing or
  exporting goods.
• The burden the embargo would place on European
  nations would hopefully change their policies.

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James Madison, Jeffersons Secretary of State,
was elected the Fourth President in 1808.

• Charles C. Pinckney, the Federalist candidate,
  lost his second consecutive Presidential
  election.
• George Clinton, Jeffersons Vice President, held
  the same office under Madison.
• Madisons first term was a slow march toward war
  with Great Britain.

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Native American Policy

• In 1803, the U.S. purchased 50 million acres
  along the Mississippi River from the Choctaw
  Indians for 142,000.
• Jefferson took advantage of their increasing
  poverty and created treaties with them in return
  for land.
• Natives east of the Mississippi began rallying
  behind the Shawnee chief Tecumseh.
• Techumseh believed that an alliance with the
  British in Canada could halt the movement of
  Americans into native lands.

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• Tecumseh and his brother, The Prophet, rallied
  the Native Nations against American settlers.
• In November 1811, Ohio Governor William Henry
  Harrison led 1,000 soldiers against Natives near
  Tippecanoe Creek.
• The battle marked the beginning of a long war on
  the American frontier
• Frontier fighting convinced Madison it was time
  to go to war.
• On June 18, 1812, Congress officially declared
  war on Great Britain.
• Influenced by War Hawks, young southern/western
  congressmen, Madison was persuaded to go to war
  with Britain!
• The most notable of these War Hawks were Henry
  Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South
  Carolina

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Mr. Madisons War

• Early naval victories assured Madisons
  re-election in November 1812. This began an
  American tradition of continuous reelections of
  Presidents during war
• His campaign slogan was On to Canada.
• Madison beat Dewitt Clinton, a Peace Party
  candidate (Federalist) by a vote of 128 to 89.
  His slogan was Too Much Virginia

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Invasions of Canada failed

• British captured Ft. Detroit and burned Buffalo
• U.S. military turned out to be poorly led,
  trained, and equipped
• US had only 7 frigates/ Britain had 34 (and 7
  ships of the line)
• Britain blockaded US ports
• October 1813 Tecumseh was killed in the Battle
  of the Thames River (Canada)
• General Andrew Jackson won victories against
  Creek Indians in the South

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In addition to Canadian battles, the British
turned their attention to the port of Baltimore.

• A bombardment by the British navy could not
  dislodge the defenses at Fort McHenry.
• Francis Scott Key wrote a poem about the attack
  that would become The Star-Spangled Banner.
• Although the British had captured Washington,
  D.C., they withdrew and by late 1814,
  representatives from both sides began peace talks
  in Belgium.

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• On December 24, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was
  signed by representatives of both sides.
• News did not arrive in the U.S. until February
  1815Two major events took place in the interim
• The Hartford Convention and with it, the
  Federalist Party ended quickly.
• Delegates from New England met and threatened to
  leave the union if war continued. News of the
  Treaty of Ghent arrived, and the Convention (and
  Federalist Party) ended quickly.

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American diplomat John Quincy Adams said,
Nothing was adjusted, nothing was settled.

• Two weeks later, the British attacked New
  Orleans, unaware of the peace treaty.
• On January 8, 1815- over 8000 British veterans
  attacked General Andrew Jacksons 5000
  volunteers.
• Jacksons fortified positions and sharpshooters
  decimated their attackers!
• They were defeated by General Andrew Jackson, who
  became a national hero.
• The decisive victory included 2,000 British
  deaths while only seven Americans were killed.

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