Title: Diapositiva 1
1J r y e a d e r A
F
B
Modals
T
L
N M K I P D V M
2Los modales son un grupo de verbos funcionan de
manera diferente al resto.
- Son invariables, por lo que tienen una misma
forma para todas las personas. - No necesitan do para formar la negativa ni la
interrogativa. - Siempre van seguidos de un verbo en la forma
base. - No tienen infinitivo, participio, futuro, formas
ing, ni tiempos compuestos.
- Los modales que vamos a estudiar son
- Be able to, - can , - cant , - could , - dont
have to, - have to, - may, - might , - must , - mustnt , - need to , - neednt , -
ought to , - should , - would.
3- Be able to y have to no comparten todas las
características de los modales, - pero sí algunos de sus usos ( habilidad,
obligación.)
- Can , además de expresar habilidad o capacidad,
se utiliza para dar y pedir permiso, - hacer peticiones e indicar posibilidad.
- Todos estos usos en negativa se expresan con
cant, el cual significa, además - deducción o certeza de que algo es imposible.
- Can sólo puede usarse en presente, así que en
el resto de tiempos verbales usamos - be able to.
- Could se emplea para indicar habilidad en
pasado, hacer peticiones y sugerencias - mas formales que con can, y expresa una
posibilidad mas remota que con can. - May y might expresan posibilidad ( mas
remota con might ) de que ocurra algo. - May también se usa para hacer peticiones mas
formales que con can.
4- Must y have to expresan obligación o
necesidad, pero con must la obligación - es mas fuerte ( como cuando la impone la ley
o alguien de autoridad). - Además expresan una conclusión lógica (deber
de, tener que) - Must sólo puede usarse en presente, así que en
el resto de tiempos verbales - usamos have to.
- Need to no es un modal. Así que necesita do
en la negativa e interrogativa y - puede emplearse en cualquier tiempo porque se
conjuga. - Neednt si es un modal y solo se usa en
negativa para indicar que no hay - obligación o necesidad de hacer algo ( igual
que have to) - Mustnt indica prohibición, en cambio dont
have to significa no tener por qué, - es decir, ausencia de prohibición y de
necesidad ( igual que neednt) - Should y ought to se usan para dar consejo y
hacer recomendaciones. - Should es el mas usado. Ought to no se usa
en negativa e interrogativa.
5Vamos a ver todo esto más claro si los
clasificamos por sus usos ( obligación,
consejo.)
OBLIGATION
(tengo la obligación de , debo, tengo que )
- Must They
must wear a uniform - Have to (no modal) I have to finish
this exercise
No OBLIGATION
(no hace falta que)
- Neednt
You neednt come if you dont want to. - Dont have to (no modal) You dont have
to come if you dont want to. -
She doesnt have to come if she doesnt
want to.
prohibiTION
(no puedes )
- Mustnt You mustnt
smoke at school
6necessity
( tienes que / es necesario )
- need to ( no modal) You need to
work harder if you want to pass English
Advice
(Dar consejos , hacer recomendaciones)
- Should You should go to
see a doctor - Shouldnt You shouldnt
worry about your marks - Ought to You ought to study
harder
7 Ten en
cuenta que Have to must tienen un
significado similar (obligación / debo, tengo que
) Pero Dont have to mustnt tienen un
significado muy diferente. ( Dont have to no
obligación / no hace falta que Mustnt
prohibition / no puedes )
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8ability
( se , puedo , soy capaz de )
- can (presente)
I can play the piano - could (pasado)
I could climb mountains - be able to (todos los tiempos) I
will be able to drive a car - ( no modal )
I was able to drive a car -
I have been able to drive a car
posibility
- may (puede que) They
may begin acting like criminals - might (pudiera ser que, quizás) He might
come - (posibilidad remota)
- could (puede que) They
could be on the train now
9Deduction / certainty
- must ( Im sure.estoy segura)
That must be your mother -
(Esa debe ser tu
madre) - cant (Its imposibleestoy segura que no)
That cant be true -
(Eso no puede ser
verdad)
10Modales perfectos
- could have participio (se pudo haber hecho
algo, pero no se hizo) - It was a stupid thing to do. You could have
hurt yourself. - couldnt have participio ( certeza de que algo
no pudo haber ocurrido) - Eric couldnt have broken the vase. He wasnt
at home. - may / might have participio ( suposición de un
hecho pasado) - Elsa may / might have taken the wrong bus
- must have participio (conclusión lógica de un
hecho pasado) - I hear youve been to Scotland. That must
have been interesting
11- should / ought to have participio (quejarnos
de lo que ocurrió o -
lamentarnos de que no se haya -
cumplido lo que esperábamos) - You should have warned me earlier
- You ought to have studied harder
- shouldnt have participio (nuestra opinión
crítica sobre algo pasado, -
algo que no debería haber ocurrido) - You shouldnt have eaten so much
- would have participio ( se quiso haber hecho
algo en el pasado, -
pero no se pudo) - I would have gone to the party, but I was
too busy
12Choose the correct answer.
1. The doctor says I might / must get more
exercise. 2. You look great in brown. You should
/ can wear it more often. 3. His arm is broken,
so he isnt able to / may not write. 4. Tomorrow
is a holiday, so we mustnt / dont have to get
up early. 5. When you are on a diet, you ought
to / could drink a lot of water. 6. He stopped
the car so he should / could rest for a while.
13Choose the correct continuation.
1. You may borrow the book. a. Ive
finished reading it. b. Its a good
idea. 2. Greg shouldnt marry Katie. a.
Shes already married. b. He doesnt
love her. 3. She mustnt drive home.
a. She drank beer at the party b. Her
brother took the car. 4. I dont have to cook
dinner. a. Ive never learned to cook.
b. Were going out for a meal.
14Complete the sentences with the modals below.
may must cant could should
1. You come to us for dinner. I wont
accept no for an answer. 2. I have a
piece of cake, please? 3. He reach it.
Hes not tall enough. 4. You always brush
your teeth before you go to sleep. 5. I
make people laugh when I was young.
must
May
cant
should
could
15Replace the words in bold with the words below.
neednt mustnt ought to have to
might couldnt
1. Tess should help her mother more. 2.
Im not sure, but she may be French. 3.
In some countries, girls are forbidden to uncover
their faces in public. .. 4. You dont have to
explain. 5. You must be careful not to
offend them. 6. Im sorry we werent able
to come.
ought to
might
mustnt
neednt
have to
couldnt
16Choose the correct answer.
- The restaurant isnt as busy as I expected.
- We mustnt have / might not have /
neednt have reserved a table. - Jay looks happy.
- He could have / must have / ought to have
passed his driving test. - Im so tired this morning.
- I couldnt have / neednt have / shouldnt
have gone to bed so late. - 4. You could have / must have / may have called
to tell us you were coming.
17Choose the correct answer.
1. I cant / dont have to / neednt see without
my glasses. 2. Theres school tomorrow, so we
could / have to / are able to be home early
tonight. 3. Its cold. I think you can / are able
to / ought to take a sweater. 4. Well look after
you. You neednt / cant / may not be afraid. 5.
The doctors say Uncle Jeff doesnt have to /
might not / mustnt work so hard.
18(No Transcript)
19- Choose the correct continuation
1. He must have known we were coming. a. He
prepared a delicious meal. b. He looks so
surprised. 2. You shouldnt have eaten so
quickly. a. You dont want to be sick.
b. You will be sick. 3. They could
have bought it. a. They had enough money.
b.They didnt have enough
money. 4. She might have called. a. I am at
home. The phone didnt ring. b. I wasnt at
home. I dont know. 5. My parents couldnt have
seen that film. a. They would have told me.
b. They arent going out
tonight.