Donations Requested

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Donations Requested

• We could use some
• Gummy Bears (we need lots of these)
• Red Twizzlers
• Black Twizzlers
• Why? Wellwe are going to be making models
  ofDNA!
• What is thathere we go?

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Genetics

• The study of hereditywhatever that means.
• Heredity-The passing of traits from parents to
  progeny (offspring)

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DNA

1. Its a nucleic Acidspecifically its
   Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
2. This is the material (its a molecule) that
   determines inherited characteristics.

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The Parts of DNA

• DNA is made up of NUCLEOTIDES
• NUCLEOTIDES are made of three parts
• A Pentose Sugar Deoxyriboseits a sugar with 5
  carbons (penta5, -osesugar).
• A Phosphate Groupthats a compound with a PO4
  group.
• One of four different Nitrogenous Bases
• Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
• A T C
  G

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The Structure of DNA

• The DNA molecule looks like a ladder that has
  been twisted.
• This shape is called a DOUBLE HELIX.
• 1950 Irwin Chargaff figures out that there is
  always the same amount of adenine as thymine, and
  there was the same amount of cytosine as
  guaninesmart human I gotta say.

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• Extremely smart dudes/dudettes warning
• Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction to
  determine that the DNA molecule was a spiral.
• James Watson Francis Crick figured out that
  the spiral was a double helix (twisted ladder)
  and made a model.
• Lets see you use the properties of high
  energy electromagnetic waves to discover the
  shape of an organic macromoleculeyeahthats
  what I thought.

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The Structure of the Double Helix

• The Rails of the ladder are alternating molecules
  of sugars and phosphates.
• The Rungs of the ladder are the nitrogen
  (nitrogenous) bases that are attached to the
  sugars.

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Heres What it Looks Like
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Heres Where it Fits in With Cellsand YOU!
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Heres Another View
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Genes are

• A GENE is a set of chemical instructions for
  assembling a protein. DNA is the molecule that
  carries these genetic instructions.
• Within a gene, each group of three nitrogenous
  bases codes for one amino acid.
• A sequence of amino acids is linked to make a
  protein.
• Proteins are fundamental to the function of cells
  and the expression of traits.

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Heres The Relationship To Chromosomes
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Replication

• When DNA copies (every time a cell divides), it
  splits down the middle separating in between the
  base pairs.
• The new strand of bases is complimentarythat
  means that where theres an A (adenine), there
  will be a T (thymine) to match with it. Where
  there is a C (cytosine), there will be a G
  (guanine) to match with it.
• Write the complimentary strand for this sequence
  GAATTCGCGGAT

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Heres What You Should Have ?

• GAATTCGCGGAT
• CTTAAGCGCCTA

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Enzymes(an enzyme is a proteinlook for the ase)

• There are a number of enzymes that are involved
  in this process
• DNA helicase unzips the DNA
• DNA polymerase lines up the new bases
• DNA ligase glues sections together
• Bonus infono extra charge ?, and noyou dont
  need to know it. But some day

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Genetic Engineering

• By understanding DNA we canyou tell meits in
  your book ?