AP USH C. 3

1
AP USH C. 3

• ENGLAND DISCOVERS THE VALUE OF ITS COLONIES
  EMPIRE, LIBERTY, AND EXPANSION

2
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

• Because of the distance between England and the
  American colonies, England adopted the policy of
  salutary neglect.
• As a result the colonies were left to govern
  themselves.
• Colonies created governments based on English
  tradition.
• Limited Government (Magna Carta, Petition of
  Right and English Bill of Rights)--John
  Lockenatural rights and social contract theory.
• Parliament
• Every colony had a governor.
• In self-governing colonies they were elected.
• In all other colonies they appointed by the King.
• Every colony by 1740 had a colonial legislature.
  Most all were bicameral. (Pa. was the
  exception).
• Assemblyelected by the landowners. Made
  colonial laws, appropriated money, passed local
  tax laws and paid the governors salary.
• Council members were chosen by the governor or
  King, gave advice to governor.
• COLONIAL WOMEN
• By law and custom women were considered 2nd class
  citizens.
• They were technically under the control of their
  husband or father.
• In America they did have more opportunities than
  women in England.
• Under some circumstances they could operate
  businesses and own property.

3
THE ENLIGHTENMENT

• European scientific revolution beginning in the
  mid-1600s, that finally reached the colonies in
  the early 1700s.
• Copernicussun centered system. (overthrew the
  earth centered belief)
• Newtontheory of gravityestablished a
  mechanistic view of the universe. Universe
  governed by natural law
• Analogyall human relations politics, economics
  and society could be explained by natural law.
  (grasped by human reason and explained by
  mathematics).
• Economics Law of supply and demandAdam Smith
• Politicsnatural rights John Locke, Jean
  Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes
• Societyall environmental, born with a blank
  slate , gain knowledge through experience. To
  improve both society and human nature was by the
  application of reason.John Locke
• Reasonhighest virtue

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ENLIGHTENMENT IN AMERICA

• Because the America people were not as tied to
  tradition as Europe. The Enlightenment had a
  welcome audience in the colonies. Much of
  American life was already based on
  experimentation, observation and the trying of
  new ideas.
• Enlightenment figures
• John Tillotson morality over dogmaheavily
  influenced Harvard.
• Peter Zenger New York Weekly Freedom of
  Press, (rise of a free press)
• Ben Franklin the American epitome of the
  Enlightenment
• Printerage 24 The Pennsylvania Gazette
  (Saturday Evening Post)
• Poor Richards Almanac
• American Colonization Society
• Public library, fire department, Fire Insurance
  Co.,
• University of Pennsylvania, American
  Philosophical Society, Advancements in eye care
  (bifocal lenses), meteorology (weather station),
  physics (speculations on electricity).
• Invented the Franklin Stove, the lightning rod,
  glass harmonica.
• Albany Plan of Union, Declaration of
  Independence, Treaty of Alliance, Treaty of
  Paris 1783, and the Constitution.

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ENLIGHTENMENT CONTINUED

• Benjamin Rushscientific medicine
• David RittenhouseOrrery
• John Bartram-- scientific method
• GREAT AWAKENING
• While many were caught in expanding their
  knowledge of science, many others were caught in
  a burst of religious enthusiasm known as the
  Great Awakening.
• 1720s-1760s
• Declining church attendance.
• Decay of family authority
• Dishonest business practices.
• Increase in swearing, lying, cussing and
  staying out late.
• Congregationalist ministerJonathan Edwards
  Sinners in the Hands of an Angry Godmembers
  needed the fear of God put back into them.
• Revival meetings were held, and charismatic
  preachers from England came to America to lead
  this Awakening.

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17th and 18th Centuries overview

• 1600England was very weak with no colonies.
• 1700England was a global giant with 20 colonies
  in North America, the West Indies and Asia with
  important overseas trade routes.
• 1600 and 1700s were marked with Civil Wars,
  political upheaval and religious change.
  Resulting in a Constitutional Monarchy.
• Representative government was taken for granted
  in both England and her colonies. It was assumed
  colonies would have elected assemblies that could
  tax, control colonial spending and make local
  laws.
• Parliament had full control over the colonies,
  but, in practice, rarely regulated anything
  except trade.
• 1600 and 1700s saw Spain continue a policy of
  missionary work and exploitation of the Indians.
  
• And the French were engaged in the fur trade in
  the Great Lakes and Gulf region and sugar
  production in their West Indies possessions.

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THE COLONIAL DIFFERENCES 1700

• Most pronounced differences were in life
  expectancy, gender ratio, and family structure.
• 1 .LIFE EXPECTANCY AND POLITICAL CONTROL
• About 402/10 kids adulthood about 45--
  gt3/10 60s8/10
• Young men ruled Young Men
  Grandfathers ruled
• 2. LABOR, RELIGION, AND EDUCATION
• Large slave populations SLarge black
  minority. Small black population
• Maj. 1670 Pa.,Md,--N.
  Eur/Eng min. Mostly English
• Regions that relied heavily on cash crops had
  large black populations
• Religiously indifferent Nominal Anglicans
  Strict Puritanism
• 
  Quaker and Catholics Baptists
• Few ministers Some preachers
  Public support clergy
• Tutors Little
  education Public education

CARIBBEAN, AND SOUTHERN COLONIES
CHESAPEAKE, MIDDLE ATLANTIC COLONIES
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
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DIFFERENCES CONTINUED

• SOUTHERN/CARIBBEAN CHESAPEAKE
  NEW ENGLAND
• 3. LOCAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS
• Parish courts County Courts
  and Parish Town meetings
• Royal governors Proprietary
  leaders Elected leaders
• 4. UNIFYING TRENDS LANGUAGE, WAR,
• LAW AND INHERITANCE
• 1. Predominantly London English spoken but
  with large enclaves of German. (Especially Middle
  Atlantic)
• 2. War fought with volunteer soldiers (militias)
  instead of conscripts.
• 3. Colonial law based on simple English Common
  Law.
• 4. Some inheritance laws allowed women to own
  some types of property.
• 5. And primogeniture was not strictly enforced
  in many colonies.
• THE BEGINNINGS OF EMPIRE
• 1640sDue to the English Civil Wars there was no
  effective control of the American colonies.
• DURING THIS PERIOD
• Indians resisted settlers, settlers short on
  muskets and ammunition.
• Successful Indian raids in New Netherlands, Md.
  Va. And NC, SC

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• New England escaped Indian attack because of
• Creation of New England Confederacy defense
  alliance between NE colonies 1650-1683.
• ENGLAND DISCOVERS THE COLONIES
• From 1651 on, Mercantilism was adopted by
  England.
• 1. From 1659 Englands power was based on the
  strength of their economy.
• 2. The Crown must completely control commerce.
• Control trade
• English favored regulated trade and economic
  policies.
• Create colonies
• 3. Create economic monopolies
• 4. General belief held that trade is virtuous
  makes countries interdependent, reduces the risk
  of war and creates unending progress
• Navigation Acts (aimed at Dutch competition)
• 1651Imported goods had to be shipped on
  English-owned ships
• Prohibited foreign (colonial) vessels from going
  to one British port to another.
• Angered NE merchants involved in West Indies
  trade. Eventually England ignored the trade
  rules.
• Restoration periodEngland extended Navigation
  Acts.
• Navigation Acts 1660.
• All colonial trade carried on English owned
  ships.
• Boat captain and 75 of crew English.

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• Wheat, fish, corn not enumeratedcould be sold
  anywhere as long as the other laws were followed.
• All cash crops were enumerated indigo, sugar
  cane, rice, naval stores, tobacco, cotton,
  etc.had to be sold to English merchants.
• English manufacturers could only purchase
  enumerated goods from English colonies.
• Manufacturing was illegal in the coloniesiron
  forges, textile mills, clothiers, rum, etc.
• England produced the finished productcolonies
  supplied the raw materialsall benefitted and no
  gold was leaving the Br. Empire.

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COLONIAL EFFECTS ON THE INDIANS

• 1660s--Coastal tribes had been devastated by
  disease.
• Indian Wars were fought to gain captives to
  replace lost tribe members
• Iroquoismourning wars
• Indian culture changed by
• Knives, guns, liquor.
• Frontier settlements depended on the Indian
  trade.
• Puritan Mission Indians 1640s.
• Attempt to bring protestant beliefs into
  the tribal structure. praying
  Indians.Thomas Mayhews Jr. / Sr., and John
  Eliot
• 1675, 2,300 Indians had converted or in the
  process of conversion to Christianity.
• King Philips War (Metacom)
• (Wampanoag) Indian sachem. Resisted
  Christianity.
• 1675 war broke out in Plymouth settlement.
• Settlers attack Narragansetts Great Swamp Fight
  Dec. 1675
• Conflict very bloody with hostilities on both
  sides.
• Settlers demanded death to all Indians. 1676
  colonial alliance with Mohawks destroyed
  Metacoms alliance. 100s killed or sold into
  slavery.

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LIFE IN COLONIAL AMERICA 1680-1720

• Northeast
• Most people lived in towns
  or villages near the coast
  line.
• Most were farmers but since
  arable land was scarce
  many became day laborers. Regardless their
  lives were connected to shippers.
• The merchant class ruled
  and displayed their wealth.
• NY, Philadelphia and Boston
  had Alms Houses for the
  poor.
• There was upward mobility
  Yankee Ingenuity
• South
• Most people lived on
  isolated farms and used the
  broad slow-moving rivers as
  transportation. Strangers were
  welcome--Southern Hospitality.
• Women and children worked
  with the men on the farm, but a
  woman was also the doctor, the mender of
  clothes, cooked, took care of
  the children. Normally married
  by 13, she would have 10 children (2-3 would
  survive to adulthood), died in her 30s.

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• SOUTH(DEEP SOUTH AND CHESAPEAKE)
• Southern hierarchy
• Great Planter FFV
• free landowning farmer
  (yeoman)
• Landless whites
• Indentured servants
• Indians
• Slaves
• AFRICAN SLAVERY Peculiar Institution
• Virginia 1619
• Why?
• 1. Indiansdisease, run away, start
  Indian Wars, not good workers.
• 2. Indenturesbecame your
  competition, limited time period.
• 3. African slaves- knew farming, had
  immunity to European diseases, no where to run,
  lifetime.
• 4. By 1750 all colonies practiced
  slavery.

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SLAVE LIFE

• SLAVE PSYCHOLOGY
• Capture
• Middle
  Passage
• Slave auction
• Plantation
  life
• Field
  hand
• House
  slave
• Skilled
  slave
• Slave Revolts
• NY City
  1712
• Stono
  Rebellion 1739
• Slave Codes

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DOCTORS, LAWYERS AND CLERGYMEN

• Doctors
• poorly trained, low esteem
• 1st Medical school 1765
• Popular remedyleeching
• If no doctor closecalled a barber.
• Medical breakthrough
• 1721Cotton Mather Small pox vaccine
• Epidemics Diphtheria 1730s
• Lawyers
• noisy windbags, trouble-makers, rogues,
• drunkards and brothel-keepers
• 1750 1st Law School opened
• 1760s respected James Otis, John Adams,
• Patrick Henry.

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• CLERGY
• Despite the fact most colonists did not attend
  church, the Clergy was the most respected
  profession.
• By 1720 there were two state
  supported religions in the colonies
• Anglican(Ga., SC, NC, Va.,
  Md., NJ, NY)
• Congregationalist (Ma., NH,
  Ct.)
• Leading clergymen of the period
  Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, John
  Wesley.
• EAST-WEST DISPUTES--1670s
• Many of the colonies had a problem between
  coastal settlements and frontier
  settlements.East-West Disputes
• There was economic jealousy, political jealousy
  and charges of favoritism.
• BACONS REBELLION 1676
• 1675Doegs v. Va. and Md. militia over broken
  promises.
• 1676 Va. Militia under John Washington
  attacked
• Susquehannock fort killing dozens.
• Indians responded by killing 30 Va.
  frontier settlers.
• Gov. Berkeley, against the wishes of the Va.
  Backcountry, ordered the building of a string of
  forts as defense against the Indians. The
  frontier people wanted to attack.
• Gov. Berkeley suspended the fur trade except for
  a few privileged traders.

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• 1676--Nathaniel Baconcousin of the Governor,
  plantation owner, fur trader and trouble-maker.
  He had been denied a fur-trapping permit by the
  Governor.
• One of Bacons workers had been killed in the
  Indian raids.
• Bacon formed an army and massacred a local tribe
  in retaliation.
• Gov. Berkeley declared Bacon an outlaw and was
  told to disband his army..
• Regardless, the frontier voters chose Bacon to
  represent them in the House of Burgesses.
• Upon arrival in Jamestown, Berkeley had
  Bacon arrested, and forced him to apologize to
  the Governor for what he had done.
• Bacon then slipped away, reformed his army
  and marched on Jamestown.
• Berkeley retreated in fear to the coast. Bacon
  took control of the government. After a couple
  of failed attempts by Berkeley to regain control,
  
• Bacon burned Jamestown and proclaimed he was
  going to create the Republic of the Chesapeake.
  In Oct. 1676 Bacon died of dysentery.
• This was the largest rebellion in colonial
  history until 1775.

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Change in English politics, Dominion of New
England and the Glorious Revolution

• 1670s Popish Plot led to the formation of
  political parties in England. (assassination of
  King Charles II)Titus Oakes
• Whigsfavored the common man, representative
  government, and religious toleration for
  protestants and a decentralized army. They were
  viewed as anti-king.
• Toriesfavored a powerful monarchy, legitimate
  succession to the throne, no religious toleration
  and a strong standing army.
• King Charles died in 1684 and the Duke of York,
  James II became King. He was hated by the Whigs.
• In the colonies, he put Edmond Andros in charge
  of the Dominion of New England. Andros was to
  govern it like the NY colony had been governed.
• In England, James granted religious tolerance to
  Catholics.
• 1688 James had a son that was being raised
  Catholic.
• Whigs invited William of Orange to England (Nov.
  1688) to overthrow James.
• James fled to FranceGlorious Revolution.
• William and Mary Bill of Rights (1689)
• Only Parliament pass taxes, freedom of speech,
  press
• no standing army in peacetime, right to bear
  arms, no Catholic kings
• No cruel or unusual punishment, no excessive bail
  or fines.
• Revoked Lord Baltimores Charter, Md. Became a
  Royal Colony.

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FRENCH AND ENGLISH RIVALRIES 1680-1748

• CAUSES OF RIVALRY
• 1689-1697 King Williams War (War of the League
  of Augsburg)
• French coureur de bois, Indian Allies v. NY
  and Mass. militiaSchenectady, NY and
  Deerfield, Mass.
• In the SouthSpain raided coastal
  settlements in Ga., SC.
• Br. Troops captured Port Royal, Acadia
• Treaty of Ryswick status quo
• 1702-1713 Queen Annes War (War of Spanish
  Succession) France and Spain v. England and
  Prussia
• England captured Acadia, Newfoundland,
  Hudson Bay region and St. Augustine.
• Treaty of Utrecht
• French Acadians moved by force to bayous of
  LouisianaCajuns EVANGELINE by William
  Wadsworth Longfellow

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RIVALRIES CONTINUED

• 1739-1748 King Georges War (War of Jenkins
  Ear, War of Austrian Succession)
• France, Prussia and Spain v. England, Austria
• Colonists invaded New France, captured Ft.
  Louisborg and Cape Breton Island.
• Colonists captured Florida and Cuba
• But France and her allies won in Europe.
• Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle
• HALF-WAY COVENANT AND
• THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS
• Jeremiads
• Half-Way Covenant
• Salem Hysteria
• 1692 Witch Hunt
• Causes
• 1693 Ended

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• This Awakening created a rivalry within churches.
• Traditional churches became more lenient, do
  everything to get people back to church
  movement, even if it means watering down
  religion (Old Lights)
• The new hellfire and damnation theatrical
  preaching of the (New Lights).
• New Light revivals led by George Whitefield.
  Encouraged a come-one, come-all spirit.
• Religious toleration increased, sectional
  differences decreased.
• New protestant denominations appeared and
  challenged the older more established sects.
• Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians.
• The rural regions of the South and Middle
  Atlantic became the most inspired by the Great
  Awakening.

22
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

• Statistical Comparison between English and French
  colonies 1750
• Population
• Troop strength
• Indian Allies
• The start of the war
• Governor of New FranceMarquis Duquesne de
  Menneville,
• forts from Lake Erie to the Ohio River and
  beyond.1751
• 1753 Lt. Gov. Va. Lord FairfaxGeorge
  Washington to survey part of the Ohio
  Territory for land speculation.
• French building Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh).
• ALBANY CONGRESS1754
• Purpose
• Result
• July 1754George Washington gt inform the
  French they were trespassing on Va. Soil. When he
  arrived the fort was almost complete. Quickly
  Washington built Ft. Necessity and attacked Ft.
  Duquesne.
• He lostthis started the French and Indian War

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• The war 7 Years WarEng., Prussia v. Fr, Sp.
• Russia, Holland and Austria
• 1755-1758 the French were winning.
• Guerilla Warfare
• 1755--Force of 1400, William Braddock, and
  colonial militia to capture Ft. Duquesne.
• 900 were killed or captured.
• The war turned Englands way when William Pitt
  was chosen as Prime Minister of Parliament.
• Blockade of European coastline.
• Launch a pre-emptive strike against Spain.
• Attack New France
• 1759 Battle of Quebec
• Gen James Wolfe v. Gen. Louis Montcalm
• Plains of Abraham
• 1759 Battle of Montreal
• 1761 Havana, Cuba and Manila, Philippines
• 1763 Treaty of Paris

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RESULTS OF FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

• TREATY OF PARIS 1763
• 1. Internal problems in Parliament
• William Pitts resignation
• De Facto PM Lord Bute
• Election of George Grenville
• 1st Wilkes Affair
• 2. Anti-American resentment in England
• 3. War Debt
• 4. Pontiacs Rebellion
• 5. Proclamation of 1763
• 6. Sugar Act