Perception

1
Perception

• A process by which individuals organized and
  interpret their sensory impressions in order to
  give meaning to their environment.

2
Attribution theory

• When individuals observe behavior , they attempt
  to determine whether it is internally or
  externally caused.

3
Fundamental attribution error

• The tendency to underestimate the influence of
  external factors and overstimate the influence of
  internal factors when making judgments about the
  behavior of others.
• Self-serving
• The tendency for individuals to attribute their
  own successes to internal factors while putting
  the blame for failures one external factors.

4
Selective perception

• People selectively interpret what they see on the
  basis of their interests, background, experience,
  and attitudes.

5
Contrast effects

• Evaluations of a persons characteristics that
  are affected by comparisons with other people
  recently encountered who rank higher or lower on
  the same characteristics.

6
Projection

• Attributing ones own characteristics to other
  people.

7
Stereotyping

• Judging someone on the basis of ones perception
  of the group to which that persons belongs.

8
Self-fulfilling prophecy

• When one person inaccurately perceives a second
  person and the resulting expectations cause the
  second person to behave in ways consistent with
  original perception.

9
Whistle-blowers

• Individuals who report unethical practices by
  their employer to outsiders.
• Decisions
• The choices made from among two or more
  alternatives
• Problem
• A discrepancy between some current state of
  affairs and some desired states.

10
Rational

• Refers to choices that are consistent and value
  maximizing
• Rational decision making model
• A decision-making model that describbes how
  individuals should behave in order tto maximize
  some outcomes.

11
Creativity

• The ability to produce novel and useful ideas.

12
Three-component model of creativity

• Proposes that individual creativity requires
  expertise, creative-thinking skills, and
  intrinsic task motivation.

13
Bonded rationality

• Individuals make decisions by constructing
  simplified models that extract the essential
  features from problems without capturing all
  their complexity.

14
Intuitive decision making

• An unconscious process created out of distilled
  experience.

15
Heuristics

• Judgmental shortcusts in decision making.

16
Availability heuristic

• The tendency for people to base their judgments
  on information that is readily available to them.

17
Representative heuristic

• Assessing the likelihood of an occurrence b
  drawing analogies and seeing identical situations
  in which they dont exist.
• Utilitarianism
• Decisions are made so as to provide the greatest
  good for the greatest number.

18
Escalation of commitment

• An increased commitment to a previous decision in
  spite of negative information
• Firs,t analyze the situation
• Second be aware of biases
• Third combine retinal analysis with intuition
• Fourth dont assume that your specific decision
  style is appropriate for every fectiveness