Military Use of GNSS

1
Military Use of GNSS
Martin-Ulrich Ripple Vice President Strategy and
Planning
2
Agenda

• Introduction to GNSS
• Principle and Segments of GNSS
• Navigation Signals
• Impact of GNSS in Modern Warfare
• GNSS Role in Military Applications
• Netcentric Warfare
• Threats Against GNSS
• Military Use of GNSS
• US Navigation Warfare (NavWar)
• Protection and Prevention
• SAASM
• European Galileo Project

3
Global Navigation Satellite System - GNSS
Definition of GNSS A constellation of satellites
that transmit high-frequency radio signals
containing precise time reference and satellite
position data that can be picked up by a
receiver, allowing users to pinpoint their
precise location anywhere around the globe
Three main GNSS systems
GLONASS
GPS
Galileo
Planned Fully Operational in 2008, currently
not fully operational
4
The 3 Prime Functions of GNSS
Position Determination
Time Reference
Navigation
All possible GNSS applications consist of a
combination of these 3 prime functions
Together with communication, GNSS is the backbone
of every battle management system
Communication
Numerous military systems rely on GNSS for
correct operational use Logistics UAVs Network
synchronization Missiles
5
Principle of GNSS Navigation

• Almanac data
• Space Segment provides approximate orbit and
  satellite position to User Segment
• 2. Ephemeris data
• Control Segment tracks exact orbit, attitude,
  location, speed of satellite and reports to User
  Segment

3. Distance Measuring Velocity x time
distance Velocity 300.000 km/s Time Signal
matching through Pseudo-random code ? Delay in
time 4. Elimination of clock errors Using four
satellites clock error is eliminated
Space Segment
User Segment
Control Segment
Having Almanac and Ephemeris data, users know
exact POSITION of satellites
Eliminating clock errors, the users know the
exact DISTANCE to the satellites
Using 4 satellites, position distance, the User
Segment can determine their three-dimensional
position (latitude, longitude, altitude)
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GNSS Consists of 3 Basic Segments
1. Space Segment
Service
GPS Hardware

• Number
• Orbit
• Constellation

• Provide radio signal w/ ranging and navigation
  data
• Global reach

• 24 op. Satellites (3 spare)
• 20187 km orbit
• 6 Planes
• 12h orbit duration

2. Control Segment

• Observe ephemeris clock
• Correct orbit clock
• Create new navigational message

• Monitor/Sensor
• Telemetry Tracking
• Upload/Uplink

• 1 Master Control Station (MCS)
• 1 Backup MCS
• 4 Ground Antennas
• 6 Monitor Stations

3. User Segment

• Navigation Services
• SPS (Open Access Signal)
• PPS (Controlled Access Signal)

• Civil Users
• Governmental
• Military Users

• 1 Receiver (typically 12 channel)

The user segment is provided with two types of
navigation signals
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GNSS Signals Services have two adressees
Standard Positioning Signal (SPS)
Precise Positioning Signal (PPS)

• No access restriction
• Free of user charge
• No service guarantee
• Subject to discontinuation in crisis

• Restricted user group
• Payment for signal access
• Available in crises
• Selective access denial

Features

• Personal Navigation
• Traffic route guidance
• Fleet management

• Police / fire brigade
• Weapon / missile guidance
• Netcentric Warfare
• Military mobile resource management

Application Examples
SPS is used in commercial applications
PPS is used in modern military warfare and
applications
Only taking GPS into consideration
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Agenda

• Introduction to GNSS
• Principle and Segments of GNSS
• Navigation Signals
• Impact of GNSS in Modern Warfare
• GNSS Role in Military Applications
• Netcentric Warfare
• Threats Against GNSS
• Military Use of GNSS
• US Navigation Warfare (NavWar)
• Protection and Prevention
• SAASM
• European Galileo Project

9
GNSS Plays Various Roles in Military Applications
and...
Military Applications
GNSS Function
Meteor

• Coupled inertial and GNSS navigation
• GNSS used for mid-phase guidance to avoid radar
  emission until on target

Exocet
A400M

• GNSS in low level flight
• GNSS as INS support

Eurofighter

• GNSS as INS alignment help
• Additional navigation aid in peace time

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...Has Enabled a Shift From Platforms to
Netcentric Warfare
Military Market - Netcentric Warfare
SPACE
Observation Satelitte
Navigation Provides navigation for land vehicles,
ships, munitions, missiles, aircrafts and troops
Navigation/Communication Systems
AIR
HALE
MALE
Accurate Targeting Supplies accurate targeting
information and common position grid for joint
operations
Reconnaissance Aircraft
NATO AirborneEarly Warning (AWACS)
Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) / SOSTAR
Fast tactical UAV
Battle Management Improved battle management and
command-control-communication-computer-intelligenc
e (C4I) Operations
Ground based RF Reconnaissance (COMINT)
Maritime Patrol (MPA)
Integrated System for Information-and Intelligence
GROUND
Navigation and Communication are key enablers
behind effective Netcentric Warfare
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Going From Stovepipe to Seamless Communication
Integration
Military Market - Netcentric Warfare

• 1. Information Grid
• Infrastructure for Netcentric Computing and
  Communication
• Means to receive, process, transport, store and
  protect information for Joint Forces

1

• 2. Sensor Grid
• Composed of air, sea, ground, space, and cyber
  space based sensors
• Facilitates distinction between friendly forces,
  enemy forces and environment across Joint battle
  space

2

• 3. Engagement Grid
• Enables new operational capabilities for force
  deployment
• Predictive Planning and Pre-emption, Integrated
  Force Management Execution of Time-Critical
  Mission

3
Information superiority and Netcentric Warfare
can be exploited by effectively linking sensors,
command and control (C2), and shooters to
increase joint combat power
12
Impact of Netcentric Warfare
Military Market - Netcentric Warfare
We must build forces that draw upon the
revolutionary advances in the technology of war
one that relies more heavily on stealth,
precision, precision weaponry, and information
technology
George W. Bush, US President

• TOP 5 IMPACTS OF GNSS ON MODERN WARFARE
• Reduced damage to civilian infrastructure
• Reduced financial burden
• Avoidance of friendly fire
• Heightened military efficiency
• Reduced collateral damage

PAST platform-centric warfare
PRESENT net-centric warfare
Kill Ratio 31
Kill Ratio 81
10 Smart bombs
80 Smart bombs
Increased use of smart weapons with integrated
navigation capabilities
F-15C aircraft, voice only F-15C aircraft,
voice Link-16
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GNSS Provides three Main Benefits for Land-based
Military Operations
Experiences From Operation Desert Storm (I)
Self-location accuracy Programming of simple
projectile type weapons to fly a given
distance Increases lethality by reducing location
uncertainty at launch Possibility for
determination of position passively without
transmission of signal Navigation Invaluable
asset when operating in featureless terrain and
helps alleviate the volatile nature of modern
warfare Increased movement rate and coordination
of ground troops (Rendez-vous) Target
location Forward observers use GNSS to determine
target coordinates GNSS together with high
resolution remote sensing data to accurate locate
fixed targets
Ground warfare is facilitated through
technologies as GNSS but is still dependant on
the underlying people, their training and
equipment
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Air Forces Does Benefit From GNSS
Experiences From Operation Desert Storm (II)
Air Navigation GNSS can assist aircrews in
navigating to and from target areas especially
at night or in bad weather conditions Air air
operations Using GNSS on conjunction with data
links and radar data ground controllers can
effectively control air air battles Helps to
avoid to fly in keep out areas of friendly
SAM. Air ground operations Accurately
navigate to and from a target and increase the
accuracy of air delivered ordnance. Together with
radars and targeting algorithms ballistic errors
and wind effects may be limited and accuracy of
PGW may be achieved (lt 10m)
The most important improvement is the
minimization of self-location errors at missile
launch and hence a higher target accuracy
Precision Guided Weapons, Surface Air
Missile
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GNSS Impact on Air-to-Ground Operations
Experiences From Kosovo Campaign
Lower risk for collateral damage Increased
accuracy ensures that unintended casualties are
limited and allows for the use of smaller
bombs Less costly use of ammunition Fewer
ammunition used for higher efficiency Less
exposure for fighter-bombers and Special
Forces Evasive manoeuvres after stand off launch
ensure high survivability to AAA threats while
GNSS does not require target designation from the
ground (compared with laser guided bombs) All
weather capability No weather hindrance compared
with laser guided bombs
GNSS is an all weather precision enabler and
efficiency booster
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Naval Forces Are Mostly Patrolling or
Aiming/seeking Enemy Forces
GNSS Influence on Naval Forces
Mine Warfare GNSS can help Naval Forces as it
provides fixed reference point for mines being
laid, mine sweeping, and corridors through mine
fields Ship Location Locating ships by providing
better location information from surveillance
platforms and assisting in signal intelligence
that can locate emitters at sea Anti-Ship
Missiles Providing location information for
anti-ship missiles in flight to decrease guidance
drift after launch
Position information does help Naval Forces but
main threats will likely remain anti-ship
missiles, submarines armed with torpedoes, and
naval mines
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GNSS As a Mobile Resource Management Tool
Better efforts coordination Allows for better
localization of assets in a given
situation Allows for immediate allocation of
available assets and coordination of available
units Emergency help to trapped assets Increases
accuracy for pinpointing assets in distress (fire
fighters stuck by falling debris, policemen
trapped and outnumbered in a dead end
street) Increased situational awareness Through
relative maps, display of friend-foe
positions Integration of geographical information
possible in real time
GNSS enables efficient Mobile Resource Management
in governmental, public and security tasks
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GNSS Impact on Peacekeeping Operations
Experience from Kosovo and Bosnien
Navigation GNSS helps rapidly dispatched troops
that havent had the time to familiarize with new
terrain settings Search and Rescue For
 unattended  non-military personnel in
distress De-mining efforts For de-mining and
clearing of areas Situational awareness To
prevent friendly fire accidents and to locate
potential threats
Peacekeeping efforts can benefit from GNSS, a
technology that, in some situations, can prove to
be a life saver.
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The High Reliance on GNSS in Modern Military
Makes the User More Vunerable
Three internal threats identified... Mismanagement
of System Avoided through routing maintenance,
technical upgrades and training of skilled
personnel, e.g. Of the GPS master control station
at Falcon Air Force Base, US Inadequate funding
for operations and maintenance Inadequate
finding of the GNSS space and control segment and
the acquisition of military receivers. Excessive
reliance upon commercial GPS equipment Military
equipment would have the same vulnerability as
civil equipment e.g. Jamming and the effect of SA
Two types of threats against GNSS
Internal
GNSS
External
The highest internal threat is excessive reliance
on commercial GPS equipment
Selective Availability
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...continued

• ...and two external threats
• System Segment Threat
• Unintentional
• Natural disasters or segment malfunctioning
• Intentional
• Military attacks or terrorist attacks on control
  stations e.g. Master GPS station at Falcon Air
  Force Base or an GNSS satellites
• GNSS Signal Threat
• Unintentional
• Ionosphere and troposphere delays, number of
  satellites visible, satellite geometry/shading
  etc.
• Intentional
• Smart Jamming (Spoofing) and Noise Jamming

Two types of threats against GNSS
Unintentional
System Segment
Intentional
External
Unintentional
GNSS Signal
Intentional
The highest threat to US and Allied military GNSS
use is signal denial
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GNSS Threats Jamming and Spoofing
Jamming
Spoofing
GNSS receiver tracks wrong signal
Overwhelms the GNSS receiver with radio noise
Function Type
Narrowband Jamming Focus power in a narrow
spectrum Wideband Jamming Noise across the
entire bandwidth
Duplicates the characteristics of GNSS signal
No Signal
Wrong Signal
Outcome
Narrowband Jamming Easy to filter out without
much degeneration of signal Wideband Jamming
Minimize energy that enters the receivers antenna
Encrypted signal ex. PPS
Counter Measures
Jamming is relatively inexpensive and is the
greatest concern among military planners
Spoofing requires expensive, hi-tech equipment
and poses a relative insignificant threat
22
All Phases of the Mission Circle Are Effected by
GNSS
I
II
Access
GNSS has impact on the every phase in the mission
cycle for governmental and military
applications. Some phases are however more
affected e.g. location, communication and attack
Locate
VIII
III
Assess
Identify
Mission Circle
Attack
Track
VII
IV
Commun-icate
Designate
V
VII
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Agenda

• Introduction to GNSS
• Principle and Segments of GNSS
• Navigation Signals
• Impact of GNSS in Modern Warfare
• GNSS Role in Military Applications
• Netcentric Warfare
• Threats Against GNSS
• Military Use of GNSS
• US Navigation Warfare (NavWar)
• Protection and Prevention
• SAASM
• European Galileo Project

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The Rational Behind Selective Access The US
NavWar Program

• Protection
• Ensure GPS signals are received by US and Allied
  forces in an electrically challenging environment
• Address any attempt to deny US and Allied forces
  the use of GPS

The US DoD needed to develop and acquire
effective capabilities to deny adversary use of
GPS without hindering US Allied forces the
ability to operate with the system and without
disrupting use outside an area of military
Operations

• Prevention
• Ensure the capability to deny enemy use of space
  based navigation system within the Area of
  Responsibility (AoR)
• Minimise the effects on the civilian population
  outside the AoR

The concept of NavWar is for US and Allies to
maintain navigation superiority on any future
battlefield
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SAASM GPS Receiver Will Allow Selective Access to
Military GPS Signal (PPS)
Goals
Main Features
User Groups
Consequences

• Military and allied forces
• Governmental Institutions (police, fire brigade,
  NSA etc.)
• Special security critical or high value companies
  finance, power plants etc.)

• Controlled and selective access to military GPS
  signal will also be possible for commercial
  customers and stat institutions
• Strengthening US Industry

• Direct acquisition of encrypted military signal
• Tamper-proof receiver with simplified
  key-management
• Control of single GPS receivers possible via
  user-groups (Crypto nets)

• Access of authorized users is under US control
• Temporary de-activation of receivers possible
• US becomes the hub of cryptographic management

SAASM ensures continued and expanded US control
of mobile military equipment
Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module
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Agenda

• Introduction to GNSS
• Principle and Segments of GNSS
• Navigation Signals
• Impact of GNSS in Modern Warfare
• GNSS Role in Military Applications
• Netcentric Warfare
• Threats Against GNSS
• Military Use of GNSS
• US Navigation Warfare (NavWar)
• Protection and Prevention
• SAASM
• European Galileo Project

27
Usefulness of an European GNSS
Galileo Public Regulated Service (PRS)

• Increased political and military independence
  from the US
• Technological catch-up towards US military GNSS
  capabilities
• Balanced marketability of European aerospace and
  defence products
• Increased importance of GNSS in the commercial
  sector (continuity, availability) creates the
  necessity for CS, PRS

Even though the US sees the European Galileo
project as a threat to national security the US
will also benefit from a combined Galileo/GPS
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US concern regarding European GNSS

• Weak Galileo PRS will help US enemies to use
  the EU system for their needs and against US
  interests
• Planned PRS Signal overlay with GPS is in
  conflict with the US NavWar policy
• ? Overlay unacceptable and non-negotiable for US
  National Security reasons
• Multi-national control board for PRS
• ? Exhausting decision process (consensus in case
  of crisis)
• US DoD has no desire to purse military or
  dual-service interoperability between Galileo and
  US GPS
• Pending loss of US GNSS monopoly

29
Agenda

• Introduction to GNSS
• Principle and Segments of GNSS
• Navigation Signals
• Impact of GNSS in Modern Warfare
• GNSS Role in Military Applications
• Netcentric Warfare
• Threats Against GNSS
• Military Use of GNSS
• US Navigation Warfare (NavWar)
• Protection and Prevention
• SAASM
• European Galileo Project

30
Conclusion

• GNSS Plays Various Roles in Military Applications
• Key Enabler Behind Netcentric Warfare
• Biggest Threat Against GNSS Is Signal Denial
• SAASM Will Enable Selective Access to Military
  GPS Signal
• US Concern Regarding European PRS (has to be
  resolved)

31
Thank you Martin-Ulrich Ripple
martin.ripple_at_eads.net
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Backup-Slides
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Overview of GPS, Galileo and GLONASS
Name
Space Segment
Ground Segment
Comment
GPS

• 24 op. Satellites, 3 spare sat.
• 20187 km orbit height
• 12h orbit duration
• 6 planes
• 55 plane inclination

1 Master Control Station (MCS) 1 Backup
MCS 4 Ground Antennas 6 Monitor Stations

• Developed as US military system
• In full operation (FOC) since 1995 (IOC 1993)
• Upgrades planned (Block IIR-M, IIF, III, GMSP)
• US monopoly position in SatNav
• 2 signal types Commercial and Military
• Controlled by US Department of Defense (DoD)

GALILEO

• 27 op. Satellites, 3 spare sat.
• 23616 km orbit height
• 14h orbit duration
• 3 planes
• 56 plane inclination

2 Galileo Control Center 5 Telemetry Tracking
Stations 9 Uplink Stations 29 Galileo Sensor
Stations

• Developed as an European civil system
• Go ahead for Galileo given by European Council at
  26 march 2002
• Planned to be in full operation by 2008
• Designed for GPS interoperability
• 5 signal types Commercial, Military, 3
• Controlled by European Union

GLON-ASS

• 24 op. Satellites,
• 19130 km orbit height
• 11h orbit duration
• 3 planes
• 64,8 plane inclination

1 System Control Center (Moscow) 4 Command
Tracking Stations Quantum Optical Stations

• Developed as a USSR military system
• First satellite launch in 1982
• Has experienced setbacks due to financial
  distress
• 2 signal types Commercial and Military
• Controlled by the Russian Space Forces for the
  Russian Federation Government

Only 12 operational in 2003, mainly due to
financial problems
34
Augmentation Systems
Augmentation Systems
Satellite (SBAS)
Airborne (ABAS)
Ground (GBAS)
DGPS
EGNOS
RAIM
WAAS
AAIM

• Existing Systems
• AREF-1 (Austria)
• SAPOS (Germany)
• National GPS Network (GB)
• AGRS.NL (NL)
• Swipos (Switzerland)
• Swepos (Sweden)
• GPSnet.dk (Denmark)
• NGS CORS (USA)
• CDGPS (Canada)
• ...

MSAS

• ABAS
• Integrity monitoring of position solution
  (fault detection and fault exclusion)
• use of redundant information
• RAIM only uses GNSS information
• AAIM uses GNSS and additional onboard sensor
  information

35
Signal Denial is Difficult to Restrict
Unintended Loss of Signal
Selective denial still hits unintended areas
In a war scenario all SPS will stop working
within a given area Only PPS may be used within
the designated area
Within the intended jammed area the PPS is
facing two threats
Spoofing The threat that the GPS signal might be
fed with corrupted data Jamming Preventing the
GPS signal from reaching the recipient (possible
today as the GPS signal is extremely weak)
Intended Loss of Signal
In order to avoid the Spoofing threat US
Government has implemented a SAASM chip in the
2nd Generation GPS-PPS receivers, but the Jamming
threat is still actual
Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module
36
Technical Backup - Features on GNSS Security
Applications

• Controlled Access to GNSS Signal
• Cryptographically secured signal
• Key Management System
• User registration
• Controlled distribution of receivers and crypto
  devices
• Selective receiver denial based upon user key
• Regional/Global denial of civil GNSS signals
  possible
• Selective jamming or civil signal does not affect
  GSNSS security application
• Different modulation from civil signals
• High GNSS service continuity and reliability
• Signal Service Guarantee