Camillo di Cavour

1
Camillo di Cavour

• 1810-1861
• Founder of Italian Liberal Party
• Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
• The Scarecrow

2
Political Career

• Entered politics in 1847
• Prime Minister of Piedmont on 4 November 1852
• 1861 Victor Emanuell II makes him Prime Minister
  of Italy
• Strain too much on him he dies June 7,1861
• His last words were reportedly L'Italia è fatta,
  tutto è a posto ("Italy is made. All is safe.")

3
Giuseppe Garibaldi

• 1807-1882
• "Hero of the Two Worlds"
• Member of Young Italy and Carbonari
• Exiled to the Americas
• Founded the Red Shirts

4
Garibaldis Achievements

• Helped lead riots in various cities
• Worked closely with Mazzini
• Commanded Navy in the Uragauy Civil War
• Returns to Italy to defend Rome during the First
  War of Italian Independence
• Fights in Second War of Italian Independence and
  Franco-Prussian War

5
The Legend Italian Independence

• Each man has role in Italian independence
• Garibaldi is the courage of the movement
• Mazzini is the Heart of the movement
• Cavour is the Brain of the movement

6
German Unification
7
Germanys Makeup

• 39 different independent states
• Napoleon reorganized Holy Roman Empire
• The German Confederation 1815-1866
• Rise in German nationalism
• Prussian King Wilhem I appoints Otto von Bismark
  chancellor in 1862

8
Otto von Bismarck

• 1815-1898
• Member of the Junker class
• Conservative
• Machiavellian
• Use of Realpolitik
• The great decisions of the day will not be
  decided by speeches and majorities, but by blood
  iron.

9
Steps Toward Unification

• Series of Wars to unify German states
• Second war of Schleswig (1864),
• the 7 Weeks War (1866),
• the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

10
Results of 7 Weeks War

• Prussia to annex some territory
• Bismarck excluded long-time rival Austria and
  most of its allies from the German Confederation
• Formed North German Confederation with the states
  that had supported Prussia.
• Ended Austrian dominance of the German nations.

11
Causes of the Franco-Prussian War

• German Prince Leopold offered throne of Spain.
• Following the protests in France, Leopold had
  withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870
• French wanted a guarantee by the Prussian king
  that no member of his Hohenzollern family would
  ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne.
• Ems Dispatch issued leading to war

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The Ems Dispatch

• The French had made certain demands under threat
  of war and Wilhelm had refused them
• It was designed to give the French the impression
  that King Wilhelm I had insulted Count Benedetti
• Bismarck intended to give France an opportunity
  to declare a war, as part of his plan to unify
  Germany
• The French public was outraged.
• France declared war on July 19, 1870.

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Ems Dispatch

• caused France to declare the Franco- Prussian War
  in July 1870
• On 13 July 1870 King Wilhelm I of Prussia, was
  stopped by Count Benedetti the French ambassador
  to Prussia
• Benedetti had been instructed to present the
  French demand that the king should guarantee that
  he would never permit the candidacy of a
  Hohenzollern prince to the Spanish throne.

14
Ems Dispatch

• The meeting was informal with the kings
  entourage at a discreet distance.
• Politely the king refused to bind himself to any
  course of action into the indefinite future.
  After their exchange, the two departed cooly.
• The King gave permission to Bismarck to release
  an account of the events.

15
Ems Dispatch

• Bismarck edited the report, sharpening the
  language. The French had made certain demands
  under threat of war and Wilhelm had refused
  them. Certainly the edit of the telegram released
  to the media gave the impression both that
  Benedetti was rather more demanding and that the
  King was exceedingly abrupt. It was designed to
  give the French the impression that King Wilhelm
  I had insulted Count Benedetti likewise, the
  Germans interpreted the modified dispatch as the
  Count insulting the King.

16
The Franco-Prussian War

• Prussian and German forces were superior
• Efficiently used the railroads
• Used steel artillery
• Prussian and German victories in eastern France
• Battle of Sedan on September 2 Napoleon III was
  captured with his whole army

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End of The Franco Prussian War

• German armies defeated the newly recruited French
  armies
• Paris fell on January 28, 1871.
• January 18, 1871 the German states had
  proclaimed their union under the Prussian King,
  uniting Germany as a nation-state, the German
  Empire.
• The final peace Treaty of Frankfurt was signed
  May 10, 1871,

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The proclamation of the German Empire
January 18 1871
20
Unified Germany

• 25 states
• 1871 Constitution of the German Empire
• Reichstag, elected by direct and equal male
  suffrage
• Prussia dominated the executive power (Kaiser)
• The Kaiser appointed the federal chancellor

21
Setting Up the Future

• Negotiated the Dual Alliance (1879) with
  Austria-Hungary
• Became the Triple Alliance in 1882 with Italy
• Triple Alliance sets up World War I