Title: SEJARAH FILSAFAT
1SEJARAH FILSAFAT
- Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH
- Departemen Gizi Kesehatan
- FKM UNAIR
2Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan
- Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Barat ? zaman
(Kuno, Abad Pertengahan, Modern, Kini) - Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Cina ? zaman
(Kuno, Pembaruan, Neo-Konfusionisme, Modern) - Pembagian periodisasi filsafat India ? periode
(Weda, Wiracarita, Sutra-Sutra, Skolastik) - Periode Filsafat Yunani ? sangat penting ?
menjadi acuan
- Pemikiran filsafat banyak dipengaruhi oleh
lingkungan - Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India, Cina) muncul
? sifat yg religius - Di Yunani (mitos), India (Weda, Hindu), Cina
(confusius) - Barat mitos ? diganti rasio
- India tidak pernah lepas induknya ? Agama Hindu
3Historisitas
- Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu
zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri pemikirannya
bersifat kosmosentris - Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri pemikirannya yang
bercorak teosentris - Zaman Modern dengan ciri pemikirannya yang
bercorak antroposentris - Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri pemikiran
logosentris.
4YUNANI - KUNO
ABAD TENGAH
ABAD MODERN
ABAD KONTEMPORER
6SM
3SM - 6M
14M
18M
19M
20M
14-15M
RASIONALISME EMPIRISME KRITISISME IDEALISME POSITI
VISME
FENOMENOLOGI STRUKTURALISME NEOPOSITIVISME
ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE
RENAISSANCE
AUFKLARUNG
MITOS
LOGOS
FILSAFAT
THEOLOGI
FAKTOR HEURISTIK
ILMU CABANG
BIOLOGI ASTRONOMI MATEMATIKA FISIKA KIMIA SOSIOLOG
I
KOMPUTER PARIWISATA DLL.
AGAMA FILSAFAT
FILSAFAT
5YUNANI KUNO
MITOS ..... - 6SM LOGOS 3SM - 6M
6FILSAFAT
Phylo menyenangi Sophia bijaksana
MITOLOGI
Dongeng, Takhayul
Pertanyaan timbul (ingin tahu)
DE-MITOLOGI
Dipikirkan (secara kritis)
LOGOS (ilmu)
7Apakah ARCHE dari segala sesuatu yang ada ?
Thales (624 - 548 SM)
AIR
Anaximander (610 - 518 SM)
APEIRON
Anaximanes (590 - 518 SM)
UDARA
Phytagoras (580 - 500 SM)
BILANGAN
Demokritos (460 - 370 SM)
ATOM
8SOCRATES (469 - 399SM)
Dialektika
PLATO (427 - 347 SM)
Rasionalisme
ARISTOTELES (384 - 322 SM)
Metafisika Logika Biologi
Empirisme
9- Abad 0 6 M
- Periode Kelahiran Nabi Isa
- Pertentangan Gereja
- Filsafat mengalami kemunduran
- Raja membatasi kebebasan berfikir
- Abad 6 SM 0 M
- Periode Filsafat Yunani
- Ahli filsafatnya Thales
- Menggunakan pola deduktif
- Kemunculan ilmu sangat berkembang
10ABAD PERTENGAHAN
ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
ABAD KEGELAPAN BAGI ILMU PENGETAHUAN
DOGMA
DOGMA
11PERMULAAN ABAD MODERN
LEONARDO DA VINCI COPERNICUS KEPLER GALILEO
GALILEI FRANCIS BACON
RENAISSANCE
14 - 15 MASEHI
AUFKLARUNG (PENCERAHAN)
VOLTAIRE JJ. ROUSSEAU MONTESQUIEU IMMANUEL KANT
18 MASEHI
12AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN AGAMA DI
DASARI KEYAKINAN (KEIMANAN) FILSAFAT DI DASARI
OLEH OLAH PIKIR (SEKULARISASI) RASIONALISME EMPI
RISME KRITISISME IDEALISME POSITIVISME
TUMBUH ILMU-ILMU CABANG (MENINGGALKAN
FILSAFAT) BIOLOGI ASTRONOMI MATEMATIKA FISIKA
KIMIA SOSIOLOGI
13SKEMA HUBUNGAN FILSAFAT DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN
14perkembangan
- Abad 6 M ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi dan
dongeng-dongeng. - Abad 6-16 M ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin
teologis atau anciella theologia. Filsafat
digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama. - Abad 16 zaman modern yang ditandai dengan
renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan. - Abad 20 atau zaman pasca renaissans ditandai
dengan menguatnya pemikiran pasca modernis
15Mythology
- Aim of early Greek philosophers is to find
natural rather than supernatural explanations for
natural practices
16Natural Philosophers
- Nature of the physical world
- Science
- Thales 625BC 545BC Greek colony in Asia
Minor first know philosopher everything from
water single basic substance - Anaximander 610-546 BC all created things are
limited that which comes before and after must
be boundless - basic stuff could not be as
ordinary as water - Anaximenes 570-526 BC source of all things
must be air of vapour
17Democritus
- 460-370 BC
- everything was built up of tiny invisible
blocks (p. 43)? - Each block was eternal and immutable
- firm and solid
- not all the same different shapes and sizes
- unlimited number
- Called atoms, un-cuttable (p. 43)?
18How accurate is Democritus theory to what we know
today?
- Atoms theory still exists
- P. 84 the lego horse Platos idea of the
model plan World of ideas
19Athens circa 450 BC
- Cultural center of the Greek world. (p. 61)?
- Focus changed from natural philosophy to the
individual and the individuals place in
society. (p. 62)? - Democracy evolved
- Art of rhetoric saying things in a convincing
manner. (p. 62)?
20Prominent Philosophers
- Sophist a wise and informed person (p. 62)
man and his place in society (p. 62) - No absolute norms for what was right or wrong.
(p. 63)? - Protogoras (485-410 BC) Man is the measure of
all things (p. 62)?
21Socrates
- 470-399 BC
- there are norms
- wrote nothing down
- greatest influence on western thinking
- taught in the city squares
- known to us through Platos writings
- we must use our reason to grasp philosophical
truths p. 65 - feigned ignorance Socratic irony
22Socrates
died because of his convictions
23Plato
- 428-347 BC
- Pupil of Socrates
- theory of ideas
- Myth of the cave denies the reality of the
natural world - We must become enlightened
24Myth of the Cave
- From The Republic
- What we take in with our senses is not real, but
rather a poor copy of it we see only shadows
imprisoned by our senses the shadows are less
real than the actual - Should take in the world intellectually
- Ignorance is likened to imprisonment
25Plato and Aristotle
26Aristotle
- 384-322 BC
- student of Plato
- Elemental theory fire, water, wind, earth
- Rejected Plato's world of ideas
- Senses are important
- Women as inferior
27Medieval/Baroque
- Machiavelli 1469-1527 control populace
politics, government - two books, The Prince is
still used today in politics (Stalin really liked
The Prince)? - Spinoza 1632-1677 - in God (one substance)
tolerance and free thought Rationalist Mystic - Hobbes 1588-1679 materialist natural world
political thinking - The Leviathan The value
or worth of a man is, as of all things, his
price. - Hume
28THOMAS HOBBES1588-1679
- Alam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat
korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi
besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman - Yang ada hanyalah materi,
- Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia, adalah
mesin - Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang ada
dalam kepala manusia. - Hobbes terpesona oleh gerak, khususnya setelah
mengunjungi Galileo.
29- Locke 1632-1704 father of empiricism and
liberalism, education. All mankind is good and
ought not to harm one another. No mans
knowledge here can go beyond his experiences. - Hume 1711-1776 nothing is certain
(complexity), empiricist, take actions because of
morals - Leibniz 1646 1716 rationalist borrowed
reality There is a reason why every fact is as
it is and not otherwise. calculus (Leibniz or
Newton)?
30Existentialism/Modernism
- Kierkegaard 1813-1855 father of
existentialism - individual finds own identity a
problem mystery of own existence - deBeauvoir - 1908-1986 French existentialist
Sartre - feminism - Sartre 1905-1980 fate doesn't exist man is
what he conceives himself to be Hell is other
people. - Descartes 1596-1650 father of modern
philosophy method of doubt - Cogito ergo sum -
I think therefore I am. - Camus 1913-1960 French writer absurd that
humans demand significance in an indifferent
universe - Man is the only creature who refuses
to be what he is.
31Senses or Reason
- Empiricists believe that we learn through our
senses we learn based on observation, experience
we are born with a clean slate (tabula rasa)? - Rationalists believe one has to have an
understanding of ones self to learn Know
thyself senses offer a limited world rely on
truths, logic and intuition - Kant synthesized the two need reason and the
senses to learn