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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
INTEGRATED SYSTEM IN THE OLIVE OIL TUSCAN COMPANY
G. Olivieri, F. Falconi, R. Pergreffi, P.
Neri, A. Romani Spinner c/o ENEA,
germana.olivieri_at_bologna.enea.it ENEA,
paolo.neri_at_bologna.enea.it Università di
Firenze, annalisa.romani_at_unifi.it

Materials and Methods
Abstract Life Cycle Assessment, in Tuscan
company (Italy) for typical olive oil production,
has been applied, particular focus in the
analysis has been applied at cultivation olives
phase. Virgin olive oil is an inherent part of
the Mediterranean culture and diet important for
our nutritional properties and organoleptic
quality. This preliminary study makes part of a
wider plan for implementation of an integrated
system environment-quality to realize some
guidelines useful for the acquisition of product
mark (Agriquality, Regional Law 4/04/99 n. 25)
and for the realization of an Environmental
Certification ISO 14000. The plan involves OTA
(an association that works in the olive-sector in
Tuscany), ENEA and University of Florence.

Introduction The aims are to consent that the
typical agricultural and gastronomic tradition of
Region Tuscany emerged and to guarantee a clean
feeding. In fact, the agricultural and
food-systems are the fulcrum of a production
interested to Environment and Territory. The use
of appropriated agricultural techniques and the
maintenance of the resources are fundamental to a
corrected management companies. Through LCA it
has been attempted to characterize environmental
critical states in cultivation and production of
rendering traceable the origin and end-life of
virgin oil.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LCA is an objective
evaluation procedure of products, processes or
businesses energetic and environmental impact,
carried out through the identification and
quantification of energy, used materials and
wastes released into the environment. The
evaluation includes the whole life cycle of the
product, process or activity, comprising
extraction and the treatment of raw materials,
manufacturing, transport, re-use, recycling, and
waste treatment (SETAC,1990). The LCA phases are
1) Goal Definition and Scope (ISO 14041) 2) Life
Cycle Inventory Analysis (14041) 3) Life Cycle
Impact Assessment (ISO 14042) 4) Life Cycle
Interpretation and Improvement (ISO 14043)
1.The realisation of the third phase, Life
Cycle Impact Assessment, is carried out by
indicators of international use that allow to
quantify the impacts. For the present study it
has been used the Method of Eco-indicator 99
applied by means the code of calculation Sima Pro
5.0 2. ECO-INDICATOR 99 The Eco-indicator 99
method 3 considers three damage categories, to
which some impact categories are associated. The
damage categories are Human Health, Ecosystem
Quality and Resources. The impact categories of
Human Health are Carcinogens, Respiratory
organics, Respiratory inorganics, Climate change,
Radiation and Ozone layer (measured by DALY,
Disability Adjusted Life Years). The impact
categories of Ecosystem Quality are Ecotoxicity,
Acidification/Eutrophication and Land-use
(measured by PDFm2y, Potentially Disappeared
Fraction). The impact categories of Resources are
Minerals and Fossil fuels (measured by MJ
surplus). The Method relates the emission and the
resources of the inventory data to the
environmental impact categories and calculates
their potential effects by means three phases
characterisation, normalisation and evaluation.
In this study have been used the
Eco-indicator99(E) CWE(NDP), modified for to
include the water consumption, the energy
consumption and the emissions in air and water of
Ntot, Ptot, BOD, COD.
Results and discussions
Tab.1 Qualitative synthesis of inventory data
system
1) Goal Definition and Scope The goal of this
study is the determination of the environmental
damage due to the olives cultivation in the
conventional Tuscan company the function of the
system is the olive oil production for food
field the functional unit is 1 kg of olives
produced the system boundaries are the
cultivation of a plot of ground until harvesting
and storage olives.
2) Life Cycle Inventory Analysis The olives
cultivation process is created by using the data
supplied by Tuscan company, by OTA, by SimaPro
5.0 database (standard, IVAMLCA3) and Ecoinvent
database. The inventory data are resumed by Tab.1.
3) Life Cycle Impact Analysis Figure 1 represents
the characterisation analysis of olives
cultivation process. The principal results are
in Human Health the total damage is 4,51E-6 DALY
due to emissions of pesticides employ (79,43)
in Ecosystem Quality the total damage is 1,71
PDFm2y due to occupation land of cultivation
(47,86) in Resources the total damage is 0,197
MJ surplus due to Fertiliser NKP(15/15/12)
(102,7). The principal damage avoided is due to
treatment of trimmings end life (energetic
recovery by incineration wood). Tab. n.2-3-4
represents the characterisation analysis for
substances specification in the damage
categories. Figure 2 represents the weighting
analysis of olives cultivation process. The
principal results of weighting analysis are the
total damage is 0.219Pt. The total damage is due
to direct emissions of olives cultivation
process for 85.45 Fertilizer NKP (15/15/12) for
13.97 and Mechanical spreading of organic
fertilizers process for 1.44.
Tab.2 The characterisation for substances
specification in Human Health (the first of third
substances classification)
Tab.3 The characterisation for substances
specification in Ecosystem Quality (the first of
third substances classification)
Tab.4 The characterisation for substances
specification in Resources (the first of third
substances classification)
4) Life Cycle Interpretation and Improvement
Sensitivity Analysis Has been carried out the
comparison between conventional olives
cultivation and biological olives cultivation.
Figure 3 represents the weighting analysis of
comparison. The total damage of conventional
olives cultivation (0,219Pt) is greater than
total damage of biological olives cultivation
(0,128Pt). The damage difference is 26.
Conclusions The more important problems, after
this preliminary analysis of LCA in the
conventional olives cultivation are the use of
fertilizers, the use of pesticides for olive
fly-capture and land-use. This study has been the
goal to quantify numerically environmental damage
of olives cultivation process and to estimate the
opportunities to reduce the impacts by the
comparison with the biological olives cultivation
(sensitivity analysis).
References 1 Curran M. A., Environmental Life
Cycle Assessment, McGraw-Hill, 1996. 2 Pré
Consultants B.V. SimaPro 5.0. Plotterweg 12, 3821
BB, Amersfoot, 1999. 3 The Eco-indicator 99,
Methodology Report- Annex, PRé Consultants B.V.,
5 October 1999.