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The European Commission
until 2014 one commissioner from each Member
State. from 2014 two-thirds of the Member
States (18 in a Union of 27) to be chosen
according to balanced rotation
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European Parliament
Strasbourg

• legislative and budgetary powers of
  Parliament are strengthened
• swears in the Commission President

Brussels
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Development of participatory rights in enacting
legislation for the European Parliament as
specified in the Treaties (in absolute numbers)
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The Council of the European Union

• extension of QMV in new policy areas
• double majority (55 of MS, 65 of
  population, blocking minority 4 MS)
• suspensive veto

Justus-Lipsius building, Brussels
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Development of QMV as mode of decision making in
the Council (in absolute numbers)
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Development of QMV as mode of decision making in
the Council (in per cent)
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Creation of two new offices

• President of the European Council
• full-time, elected by qualified majority for
  2 ½ years, renewable once
• gives a voice and a face to the European Union,
• represents the Union internationally,
• chairs and co-ordinates the European Council's
  work

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Creation of two new offices

• II) High Representative of the Union for Foreign
  Affairs and Security Policy
• appointed by the European Council, sworn in
  by European Parliament
• Vice-President of the European Commission
• and Chair of the Foreign Affairs Council at the
  Council of Ministers
• N.B. this position creates an intra- and
  interinstitutional conflict! Why?

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Citizens' initiative
One million signatures from a significant number
of Member States and the Commission will
have to propose a "draft law
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National Parliaments

• early-warning system
• national parliaments can indicate when the
  subsidiarity principle is in danger of being
  violated by the European institutions.
• one third of national parliaments (or one
  quarter in the Area of Freedom, Security and
  Justice") can force the Commission to review its
  proposal
• each national parliament can turn to the Court
  of Justice for any violations of the
  subsidiarity principle
• Question What is the subsidiarity principle?