Fiqh as Salah

1
Fiqh as Salah

• Prerequisites of the Salah

2
Terms

• Shart Pre-requisite
• Rukn Pillar
• Fard Requirement
• Sunnah Optional/Recommended
• Shart can it be made up?
• Rukh can it be made up?
• Fard can it be made up?
• Sunnah can it be made up?

3
Terms

• A condition (shart) is that which must be present
  before the prayer is performed in order for it to
  be acceptable.
• A pillar (rukn) is that which must be performed
  during the prayer, and if left out, whether
  intentionally or unintentionally, makes the
  prayer invalid.
• A requirement (fardh) is that which must be
  performed in prayer. If left out intentionally,
  the prayer is invalid. If left out
  unintentionally, out of forgetfulness, one must
  make the two prostrations of forgetfulness
  (sujood as-sahw) at the end of the prayer.

4
Terms
5
Pre-requisites Exercise

• Write down a list of acts before prayer that you
  think are pre-requisites.
• The one with most correct pre-requisites gets a
  gift

6
Pre-requisites

• Islam
• Sanity
• Reaching age of Maturity
• Ritual Purity from Major and Minor Impurities
• Purity of Body, Clothes and Place

7
Pre-requisites

• Covering of the Aurah
• Knowledge that time has begun
• Facing the Qiblah
• The Intention

8
1. Islam

• Must be a Muslim!
• It is not for the polytheists to maintain the
  mosques of Allah while they witness against their
  own selves of disbelief. The works of such are in
  vain and in Hell will they abide forever. Surah
  At-Tawbah 17

9
2. Sanity

• Must be sane
• The pen is lifted from three people A person
  sleeping until he wakes up an insane person
  until he regains sanity and a child until he
  reaches the age of puberty. Ahmad, Abu Dawood,
  An-Nasai, ibn Majah with saheeh isnaad.

10
3. Reaching age of Maturity

• Must be of age (puberty)
• Command your children to pray by (the age of)
  seven. And beat them to do it by (the age of)
  ten. And separate them from their beds. Ahmad,
  Abu Dawood, AlHakim

11
4. Purity from Major and Minor Impurities

• ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????
  ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????
  ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????
  ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????
  ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ??????
  ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????
  ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????????
  ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????????
  ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????
  ???????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????
  ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????
  ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????
  ?????????? ??????????? ???????????
• "O ye who believe! when ye prepare for prayer,
  wash your faces, and your hands (and arms) to the
  elbows Rub your heads (with water) and (wash)
  your feet to the ankles. If ye are in a state of
  ceremonial impurity, bathe your whole body. But
  if ye are ill, or on a journey, or one of you
  cometh from offices of nature, or ye have been in
  contact with women, and ye find no water, then
  take for yourselves clean sand or earth, and rub
  therewith your faces and hands, Allah doth not
  wish to place you in a difficulty, but to make
  you clean, and to complete his favour to you,
  that ye may be grateful. ." Surah AlMaidah, 6

12
Purity from Major and Minor Impurities

• Ibn 'Umar reported that the Prophet, may peace be
  upon him, said, "Allah does not accept any prayer
  that was not performed while in a state of
  purity, nor does he accept charity from what has
  been stolen from booty." (Related by "the
  group.")

13
5. Purity of Body, Clothes and Place

• Body, clothes and place of prayer must be clean
  of physical impurities as much as possible
• Impurities (nijasah), e.g. urine, blood, etc.
• Difference of opinion whether prayer is valid if
  impurities are present

14
6. Covering the Aurah

• ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????
  ????????
• O Children of Adam, take your adornment (by
  wearing proper clothing) for every mosque" (
  al-A'raf, 31).
• Adornment" here is the covering of the 'aurah.
• Mosque" is "prayer."
• Therefore, it means "Cover your 'aurah for every
  prayer."
• Those who dont have any clothes (e.g. in jail),
  may pray without them

15
Covering the Aurah - Men

• Front and back of pubic region must be covered
• Disagreement about thighs
• Says 'Aishah, "The Prophet was sitting with his
  thigh exposed when Abu Bakr asked, and received,
  permission to enter. The same thing happened with
  'Umar. However, when 'Uthman sought permission to
  enter, the Prophet covered himself with his
  clothes. When they left, I said, 'O Messenger of
  Allah, you permitted Abu Bakr and 'Umar to enter
  while your thigh was exposed. When 'Uthman asked
  permission to enter, you covered yourself with
  your clothes.' He said, 'O 'Aishah, should I not
  be shy of a man who, by Allah, even the angels
  are shy of'?" (Related by Ahmad and al-Bukhari in
  mu'allaq form.)

16
Covering the Aurah - Men

• Says Anas, "During the battle of Khaibar, the
  Prophet's gown was withdrawn from his thigh until
  I could see its whiteness." (Related by Ahmad and
  al-Bukhari.)
• Muslim records from Abu al-'Aliya that 'Abdullah
  ibn as-Samit struck his thigh and said, "I asked
  Abu Zharr, and he struck my thigh as I struck
  yours, and he said, 'I asked the Messenger of
  Allah, upon whom be peace, and he struck my thigh
  as I have struck yours and said, 'Perform the
  prayer in its time..."
• Ibn Hazm said, "If the thigh was 'aurah, why
  would the Messenger of Allah touch it?" If the
  thigh was 'aurah according to Abu Zharr, why
  would he have struck it with his hand?

17
Covering the Aurah - Men

• Now the other viewpoint the thigh is part of the
  aurah
• Reported Muhammad Jahsh, "The Messenger of Allah,
  upon whom be peace, passed by Ma'mar while his
  thighs were uncovered. He said, to him, 'O
  Ma'mar, cover your thighs, for they are (part of
  the) 'aurah." This is related by Ahmad, al-Hakim
  and al-Bukhari in Tareekh and in mu'allaq form in
  his Sahih.
• Reported Jurhad, "The Messenger of Allah passed
  by me when the cloak I was wearing did not cover
  my thigh. He said, 'Cover your thigh, for it (is
  part of the) 'aurah." This is related by Ahmad,
  Abu Dawud, at-Tirmizhi, al-Bukhari.
• Lastly, Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be
  upon him) said No one of you should pray in a
  single garment with nothing on his shoulders.
  (Saheeh agreed upon).

18
Covering the Aurah - Women

• Unanimous that the body of a woman (including her
  neck down to her ankles, her forearms, and her
  hair) is part of the 'aurah of the woman.
• Difference of opinion whether the face (forehead
  to the chin, and ears), hands (inner and outer
  palms) and feet (below the ankles) are part of
  the 'aurah or not.
• In prayer It has been authentically related from
  Ibn 'Abbas, Ibn 'Umar and 'Aishah that the
  Prophet (SAWS) said, "Allah does not accept the
  prayer of an adult woman unless she is wearing a
  headcovering (khimar, hijab)." This is related by
  "the five," except for an-Nasa'i, and by Ibn
  Khuzaimah and al-Hakim.

19
Covering the Aurah - Women

• The face the Sunnah is to uncover the face
  during prayer.
• The hands there is nothing wrong with either
  covering them or uncovering them, although some
  scholars think that it is better to cover them.
• The feet According to the majority of scholars,
  the feet must be covered.
• Some allow uncovering the feet but the majority
  say the opposite. 
• It is related from Umm Salamah that she asked the
  Prophet, "Can a woman pray in a long shirt (like
  a night shirt) and headcovering without a
  loincloth?" He said, "If the shirt is long and
  flowing and covers the top of her feet." This is
  related by Abu Dawud.
• The scholars say it is sahih in mauqoof form (as
  a statement of Umm Salamah and not that of the
  Prophet.)
• In any case, safer to cover feet

20
Wrapping up the Aurah!

• See-through clothes uncovered aurah!
• Tight clothes
• Consensus amongst the 4 madhahib that prayer is
  valid
• Disliked by many scholars
• Some say the person is sinning! (skin-tight)
• Good to wear nice clothes for prayer

21
7. Knowledge that Time has Begun

• If certain or fairly certain that the time has
  begun, may pray
• How this decision is reached is not important

22
8. Facing the Qiblah

• All scholars agree that one must face the Masjid
  al-Haram (in Makkah) during every prayer.
• ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????
  ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????????
  ????????
• Says Allah in the Qur'an, "Direct your face to
  the Masjid al-Haram. Wherever you may be, turn
  your faces to it" ( al-Baqarah 144).
• Reported al-Barra', "We prayed with the Messenger
  of Allah, upon whom be peace, for about sixteen
  or seventeen months towards Jerusalem, after
  which time he turned towards the Ka 'bah."
• (Related by Muslim.)

23
Facing the Qiblah

• If a person can not see it, they must turn in its
  direction, as this is all that he is able to do.
• Abu Hurairah reported that the Prophet said, "The
  qiblah is between the East and the West." This is
  related by Ibn Majah and at-Tirmizhi. The latter
  considers it hassan sahih.
• This hadith refers to the people of Madinah and
  whoever has a position similar to them (i.e., the
  people of Syria, the Arabian Peninsula and Iraq.
  For the people of Egypt, the qiblah is between
  the East and the South. From our region it is
  approximately N540E)

24
Facing the Qiblah if cannot determine direction
of Qiblah

• If there is no one to ask, should try your best
  to determine it
• In such a case, prayer will be valid, and do not
  need to repeat it even though he discovers later
  on that he had faced in the wrong direction.
• If it is made clear while praying that they are
  facing the wrong direction, they need only turn
  in the proper direction without stopping his
  prayer.
• Ibn 'Umar reported that the people were praying
  the morning prayer in the Quba' mosque when a
  person came to them and said, "Allah has revealed
  some of the Qur'an to the Prophet in which we
  have been ordered to face the Ka'bah, so face
  it." They immedately turned their faces from
  Syria to the Ka'bah."
• (Related by al-Bukhari and Muslim.) This hadith
  refers to the people of Madinah)

25
Facing the Qiblah two cases in which this does
not apply

• The first one is performing voluntary prayers
  while riding (an animal, car and so on). The
  rider may bend his head slightly for the bowings
  and prostrations of the prayer, but he should
  bend a little bit lower for the prostrations. He
  may face in whatever direction his ride is going.
  
• Reported 'Amr ibn Rabi'ah, "I saw the Messenger
  of Allah, upon whom be peace, pray while riding,
  and he faced the direction in which he was
  going." This hadith is related by Muslim,
  at-Tirmizhi and al-Bukhari. The latter added that
  "he bent his head slighty."

26
Facing the Qiblah two cases in which this does
not apply

• The second case is praying while having to deal
  with forced conditions, illness and fear.
• Under such circumstances, it is allowed to pray
  without facing the qiblah.
• The Prophet, upon whom be peace, said, "If I
  order you to do something, do what you are
  capable of doing."
• ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????
• Says Allah, "If you go in fear, then (pray)
  standing or on your mounts..." (al-Baqarah 239).
  Ibn 'Umar added, "Facing the qiblah or not facing
  it." (Related by al-Bukhari.)

27
9. Intention

• Must have intention BEFORE beginning prayer
• Verily actions are based on intentions, and
  verily every man will have what he intends.
  (Bukhari, Muslim)
• Should NOT to be vocalized!!
• Action of the heart
• No proof from Prophet (SAWS) or the salaf
• Cant change it mid-way
• Riya destroyed prayer