Chapter 20 Kingdoms

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Chapter 20 Kingdoms

• High School Biology Class

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The Kingdoms of Life

• Aristotle classified all organisms into TWO
  kingdoms, Plants and Animals.
• Modern scientists use SIX kingdoms.

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Kingdom Monera

• Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are sometimes
  combined together into one kingdom called Monera.
• Together the bacteria kingdoms make up the
  largest number of living things on Earth.
• All members are classified as prokaryotes and
  reproduce by binary fission.

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1) Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Cell type Prokaryote
• Cell structure Cell walls without peptidoglycan
• Body type Unicellular
• Nutrition Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
• Example Methanomicrobium mobile

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1) Kingdom Archaebacteria

• The prefix archae means ancient."
• Modern Archaebacteria may be directly descended
  from the first organisms on Earth.
• They are unicellular prokaryotes with distinctive
  cell membranes that lack peptidoglycan.

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1) Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Some are autotrophic, but most are heterotrophic.
• Many Archaebacteria live in harsh environments
  such as sulfurous hot springs, very salty lakes,
  and in anaerobic environments, such as the
  intestines of mammals.

Hot Springs
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2) Kingdom Eubacteria

• Cell type Prokaryote
• Cell structure Cell walls with peptidoglycan
• Body type Unicellular
• Nutrition Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
• ExampleBacillus subtilis

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2) Kingdom Eubacteria

• The prefix eu means true.
• They are unicellular prokaryotes that have cell
  membranes that contain peptidoglycan.
• Eubacteria are both autotrophs and heterotrophs.
• Eubacteria are most often the bacteria (germs)
  that affect your life such as those involved in
  tooth decay or food poisoning.

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2) Kingdom Eubacteria
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3) Kingdom Protista

• Cell type Eukaryote
• Cell structure Varies
• Body type Unicellular or Multicellular
• Nutrition Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
• Example Euglena gracilis

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3) Kingdom Protista

• Referred to as The Catch-All Kingdom
• Organisms are placed here more because of what
  they are not than what they are. 

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3) Kingdom Protista

• The Kingdom Protista contains all eukaryotes that
  are not plants, animals, or fungi.
• There are more than 50,000 species in the kingdom
  which include unicellular and a few multicellular
  eukaryotes like Euglena and Amoebas.

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4) Kingdom Fungi

• Cell type Eukaryote
• Cell structure Cell walls with chitin
• Body type Unicellular or Multicellular
• Nutrition Heterotrophic
• Example Penicillium notatum

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4) Kingdom Fungi

• Fungi are eukaryotes and most are multicellular.
• The cells of fungi have cell walls that contain a
  material called chitin.

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4) Kingdom Fungi

• These organisms are heterotrophic and obtain
  nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into a
  food source. They then absorb their food after it
  has been digested by the enzymes.
• Fungi act either as decomposers or as parasites
  in nature and include molds, mildews, mushrooms,
  and yeast.

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5) Kingdom Plantae

• Cell type Eukaryote
• Cell structure Cell walls with cellulose
• Body type Multicellular
• Nutrition Autotrophic
• Example Pinus radiata (pine tree)

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5) Kingdom Plantae

• Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular and carry
  out photosynthesis.
• The cells of plants have cell walls, that contain
  cellulose.

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5) Kingdom Plantae

• Plant cells are specialized for different
  functions, such as photosynthesis, transportation
  of materials, and support.
• Plants include mosses, ferns, gymnosperms
  (cone-bearing plants) and angiosperms (flowering
  plants).

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6) Kingdom Animalia

• Cell type Eukaryote
• Cell structure NO cell walls
• Body type Multicellular
• Nutrition Heterotrophic
• Example Loxodonta africana (elephant)

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6) Kingdom Animalia

• Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic and
  heterothophic.
• Animal cells have no cell walls.

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6) Kingdom Animalia

• Most members of the Animal Kingdom can move from
  place to place.
• Although some are permanently attached to
  surfaces such as sponges and barnacles.
• Animals include fish, insects, birds, reptiles,
  amphibians, and mammals (including humans).

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Kingdom Relationships

• The kingdom development is thought to look
  something like shown below

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Any Questions?

• Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at
  twenty or eighty. Anyone who keeps learning stays
  young.
• --Henry Ford
• Education is what survives when what has been
  learned has been forgotten.
• --Skinner