Advance to War Arenas

1
Advance to WarArenas

• RASP
• Western Europe
• Eastern Europe
• Southern Europe North Africa
• Pacific

2
Three additional causes

• Isolationism
• Tariffs and Immigration laws begin to exclude
• 1924 Immigration Act limits mostly Japanese
• Weak League of Nations
• Created by Treaty of Versailles which includes
  blame and excessive reparations
• Appeasement
• Giving into the aggressor which encourages
  further aggression

3
Appeasement

• 1933 - Hitler becomes chancellor
• The Third Reich is established
• 1935 - Britain allows Germany to build up its
  navy (violation of Treaty of Versailles)
• 1936 - Rome-Berlin Axis
• 1936 - Reoccupation of the Rhineland territory
  lost in the Versailles Treaty. no opposition
• 1938 - Anschluss (Germany occupies Austria)
• 1939 - Munich Agreement (France, Great Britain
  agree to partition and annexation of
  Czechoslovakia)
• 1939 - Taking of Czechoslovakia or the
  Sudentenland
• 1939 - Hitler-Stalin Pact (neutrality)
• 1939 - Germany attacks Poland
• September 1
• 1939 - Britain and France declare war on Germany

4
US Isolationism (includes economic isolation)

• Belief that arms manufacturers, bankers had
  caused World War I
• 1937 the Neutrality Act
• declared the US was forbidden to sell war
  equipment to belligerent nations
• prohibited loans to belligerents
• prohibited American from sailing on ships of
  belligerents
• restricted the entry of American ships into war
  zones.
• The United States took several steps to modify
  the strict neutrality it declared in the
  Neutrality Act of 1937
• 1939-revised the Neutrality Act to allow US firms
  to sell munitions to bellgerents but only on a
  cash and carry basis.
• an executive agreement in 1940 transferred 50 old
  American destroyers to Great Britain
• the Lend Lease Act of 1941-- allowed the US to
  supply war materials to Great Britain on credit.
• Immigration Acts of 1924

5
Japan invades Manchuria
6

• Does the war start in 1931 or 1939 with Hitler?

7
International Actions

• Washington Treaty System
• Washington Naval Conference
• 1922 expected to keep China open to all commerce
• Five Power Treaty
• US, Great Britain, Japan, France and Italy
• agreed to cease battleship production for ten
  years.
• Reduce fleet of capital ships to a fixed
  ratio(5531.71.7)
• expected to produce a balance of forces in the
  Pacific
• Nine Power Treaty
• China continues the Open Door Policy
• Gold Standard
• 1928 Kellog-Briand Pact
• Outlawed war signed by 62 countries
• League of Nations
• Creates a commission to study Manchurian issue
  and rebukes Japan
• Japan leave the League of Nations

8
Pacific Arena

• Japan continues its conquests of China
• Rape of Nanking
• Bombing of Shanghai
• Tripartite Agreement between Japan, Germany and
  Italy Nov. 1940

9
JapanDepression and Militarism the 1930s

• The global depression hits Japan hard
• Businesses bailed out, people left behind
• Many competing factions
• Government leaders, bureaucrats, rightists,
  political parties, the military
• Military eyes Manchuria
• 1931 railway attack, the Manchurian incident
• Military reasserts influence
• 1932 Manchukuo puppet regime
• Nationalism rises Japan alienated from world
• 1937 China encroachment Marco Polo bridge
• July 1939 Japanese troops move into northern
  Indochina.
• Sept. 27, 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact,
  aligning with Germany and Italy.

10
Unprovoked?

• 1931 Japan overruns Chinese Manchuria, quits
  League of Nations.
• Aug. 1937 Japanese troops attack Chinese city
  of Shanghai and face three months of fierce
  opposition from Chinese.
• July 1939 Japanese troops move into northern
  Indochina.
• Sept. 27, 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact,
  aligning with Germany and Italy.
• Jan. 1941 Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, who assumed
  command of the Japanese Combined Fleet in 1939,
  proposes an attack on Pearl Harbor. Preparation
  of attack plans begins in March.
• March 8, 1941 U.S. Congress approves the
  Lend-Lease Bill to provide aid to countries,
  including Great Britain and China, who are
  fighting the Axis countries.
• June 1941 Japan now occupies all of Indochina.
  In response, the U.S. freezes Japanese assets and
  cuts off oil exports to Japan on July 24.
• Sept. 24, 1941 U.S. intercepts intelligence
  between Tokyo and the Japanese Consulate General
  in Honolulu, asking spies to report positions of
  U.S. ships at Pearl Harbor.
• Oct. 17. 1941 General Hideki Tojo, war minister
  and leader of military extremists, becomes Prime
  Minister of Japan.
• Nov. 5, 1941 Admiral Yamamoto orders the attack
  on Pearl Harbor.
• Nov. 26, 1941 The Japanese First Air Fleet
  leaves Japans Kurile Islands for Hawai'i. The
  fleet takes a route rarely used by merchant
  ships, and avoids radio transmissions to remain
  undetected.
• Dec. 6, 1941 In Washington D.C., U.S. President
  Franklin Roosevelt makes a final appeal to the
  Emperor of Japan for peace. There is no reply.
  Late this same day, the U.S. code-breaking
  service begins intercepting a 14-part Japanese
  message and deciphers the first 13 parts. The
  Americans believe a Japanese attack is imminent,
  most likely somewhere in Southeast Asia.
• Dec. 7, 1941 About 9 a.m. Washington D.C. time,
  U.S. officials decode the last part of the
  Japanese message, stating that diplomatic
  relations with the U.S. are to be broken off.
  About an hour later, another Japanese message is
  intercepted. It instructs the Japanese embassy to
  break off talks with the U.S. at 1 p.m.
  Washington time. The U.S. War Department then
  sends out an alert to Hawai'i military officials.
  Technical delays prevent the alert from arriving
  until noon Hawaii time, four hours after the
  attack has already begun.
• Pearl Harbor attacked. Almost at the same time,
  Japanese warplanes strike the Philippines and two
  U.S. islands Wake and Guam, which are later
  occupied. The Japanese also invade Thailand and
  Malaya. Later that month, Japanese troops invade
  Burma and Hong Kong.
• Dec. 8, 1941 The United States and Britain
  declare war on Japan.