US and the period of appeasement

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US and the period of appeasement
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Americas response to the rise of Dictators in
Europe

• The rise of dictatorships in Europe after WWI
  made Americans feel like everything they had
  fought for during WWI was pointless.
• Favor isolationism

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The Neutrality Acts -1935

• Response to Hitlers rearming of Germany
• Based on the idea that arms sales to the allies
  during WWI had help bring the US into the war the
  act made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to
  any country at war.
• Is anyone at war?

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Neutrality Acts of 1937

• Continued to ban weapons sales
• Added that if nations wanted non-military goods
  from the US they had to buy them on a
  cash-and-carry basis.
• Nation would have to send its own ships to pick
  up the goods, and it had to pay cash.
• Loans were not allowed.

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Neutrality Acts of 1939

• In response to Britain and France declaring war
  on Germany
• FDR wanted to support our Democratic allies.
• FDR had Congress Revise the Neutrality Acts to
  allow for nations to buy military arms on a
  cash-and-carry basis.
• However businesses continued to sell other goods
  to BOTH sides before the US entered the war.
• See Reading/Clip

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World War Breaks out in Europe

• 1939-1945

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Hitlers Lightning Attack

• September 1st 1939 Hitler invaded Poland
• Blitzkrieg (lighting war) used fast moving planes
  and tanks, followed by massive infantry forces.
• Britain and France declared war on Germany on
  September 3rd.
• Poland had already fallen to Nazi Germany.
• Hitler annexed the Western half of Poland

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The Fall of France

• Hitler invaded Belgium, Luxembourg, and the
  Netherlands.
• With everyones attention on Hitlers sweep of
  these nations he sent an even larger force into
  France through the Ardrennes Forest, avoiding the
  Maginot Line - a system of fortifications along
  Frances border with Germany. Allied forces and
  German forces stared at each other. Became
  known as Stizkrieg

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The Fall of France Cont.

• By June 14 Germans had taken Paris
• French surrendered on June 22, 1940.
• Germans controlled the North and set up a puppet
  government in the south.
• capital in Vichy and headed by Marshall Petain
• Charles de Gaulle- set up a government-in-exile
  in Britain.
• April 9th 1940 Hitler launched attack on Denmark
  and Norway.

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The Soviets make their Move

• On September 17 1939, Stalin sent troops to
  occupy the Eastern half of Poland
• Stalin then moved to annex Lithuania, Latvia both
  fell without a struggle.
• Finland resisted- surrendered in March1940.
• Hitler turns his attention to Great Britain
  (1940-1941)

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Hitler prepares to Invade the Soviet Union

• Hitler was planning an invasion as early as 1940
• Hitler needed to control the Balkan states in
  order to set up bases from which to attack the
  Soviet Union
• Through the threat of force Hitler pressured
  Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary to join the axis
• Yugoslavia and Greece resisted due to pro British
  government, Yugoslavia fell in 11 days Greece in
  7 days.

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America and WWII

• 1941-1945

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US begins mobilizing for war

• FDR wins 1940 Presidential election (3rd term)
• Moves towards further intervention in WWII.
• Four-Freedoms speech US and Britain stand for
• Freedom of Speech
• Freedom of Worship
• Freedom from Want
• Freedom from Fear

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Mobilizing for War

• When Hitler took France in 1940 FDR began
  mobilizing the army for war.
• August 1940 - Selective Service and Training Act-
  peacetime draft.

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Lend-Lease Act

• 1940 Britain ran out of money to wage war
• Lend-lease act would allow the US to lend or
  lease arms to any country considered vital to
  the defense of the US.
• US could send arms to Britain if Britain promised
  to return them or pay for them after the war.
• US contributed over 50 Billion to Lend lease
• US should become The Great Arsenal of Democracy

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Hemispheric Defense Zone

• Lend-lease Act did not make provisions of getting
  the arms to Britain.
• German submarine patrolling the Atlantic Ocean
  were sinking British ship.
• US response Roosevelt declared that the entire
  western half of the Atlantic was part of the
  Western Hemisphere and therefore neutral.
• US navy patrolled the Atlantic and told the
  British where the German submarines were.

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The Atlantic Charter

• Secret Meeting between Churchill and FDR
• Committed the two nations to a postwar world of
• Democracy
• Non-aggression
• Free trade
• Economic advancement
• Freedom of the seas
• Foundation for United Nations

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Undeclared Naval War in the Atlantic

• German U-boat fired on an American destroyer.
• FDR responded with a shoot-on-sight policy.
• Germans began targeting American Destroyers

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US and Japan

• Japans goal was to build a Southeast Asian
  empire. Asia for Asians
• Posed threat to US territories of the Philippines
  and Guam.
• US aided the Chinese (unsuccessful)
• Japan took over French colonies of Indochina
  (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

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US aids Britain the Pacific

• Britain had a naval presence in the Pacific to
  protect its empire In Asia.
• As German U-boats sank British ships in the
  Atlantic they had to move their ships from the
  pacific to fight Hitler.
• This left Britain vulnerable to Japanese Attack
• US helped the British by putting economic
  pressure on Japan.

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US Pressures Japan

• 1940 Congress passed the Export Control Act.
• Japanese respond by formalizing their alliance
  with Germany and Italy.
• FDR would lift embargo only if Japanese would
  pull out of Indochina.

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Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor

• American intelligence knew that their was plans
  of a Japanese attack but the question remained --
  where?
• December 7, 1941 Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
• .
• December 8th Congress declared war
• December 11th Germany and Italy declared war on
  the US

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Japanese Victories

• Japan swept through the pacific
• Acting as conquerors not liberators
• Take the Philippines (Bataan death March)

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The War at Home
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How do you get business to make war materials in
a capitalist nation?

• by convincing corporations to build war
  materials i.e. warplanes.
• Cost-plus contracts The government paid the
  cost of the product plus a guaranteed percentage
  as profit to companies.
• RFC allowed to give loans to companies to pay
  for the new equipment they needed in order to
  produce war materials
• By summer 1942 almost all major industries and
  most corporations converted to war production.

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Daily Life during WWII Cont.

• Scrap drives stations set up to collect vital
  war materials such as tin, aluminum, pots, rubber
  etc.
• Mostly done to make people feel like they were
  part of the war effort.
• Victory gardens
• Paid for the war by raising taxes and selling
• Victory Bonds

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Creating an Army

• Men were given shots and Issued Uniforms
  Government Issued GI
• Draftees were sent to basic training for eight
  weeks to learn how to handle guns, read maps, dig
  trenches etc.
• Army was segregated- African Americans were
  separated from whites, usually under white
  commanders. Wanted to keep them out of combat.

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Race, ethnicity and Gender during WWII
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Double V

• African American leaders argued that blacks
  should join the war effort to fight for a double
  victory.
• Victory over Hitlers racism abroad and a victory
  over racism at home.

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FDR Responds to African American Pressure

• African Americans in the North voted for FDR
• FDR ordered The Navy, Marines and Air Force to
  recruit Blacks.
• Tuskegee Airmen sent in to combat in Italy
• Did NOT integrate the military but it did
  expanded roles of blacks and integrated military
  bases.

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A. Philip Randolph and the Sleeping Car Porters
Strike

• Businesses still refused to hire African
  Americans
• Randolph threatened FDR with a fifty thousand man
  March on Washington if FDR did not open up
  defense jobs to blacks.
• FDR executive order 8802 stated there shall be
  no discrimination in the employment if workers in
  defense industries because of race, creed ,
  color or national origin.
• Fair employment Practices Commission- First piece
  of civil rights legislation since the end of the
  Civil War

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Women and the War

• Women could enlist in army but could not fight
• Companies needed so many laborers to produce for
  war they could not discriminate.
• Break-down of the married women syndrome if you
  were married you should stay home.
• 2.5 Million women began working in shipyards,
  aircraft factories etc.
• Rosie the Riveter

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Daily Life During WWII

• Government controlled prices, wages and brokered
  between Unions and Owners.
• Rationing constricted consumption to make sure
  there was enough for the army.
• Every month each household would receive a coupon
  book.
• Blue coupons controlled processed food
• Red Coupons- controlled meats, fats and oils
• Other coupons controlled things like sugar and
  coffee

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The Zoot-Suit Riots

• A type of suit that had a knee-length Jacket,
  wide lapels and baggy pants
• Seen as unpatriotic because it used so much
  fabric.
• Worn by Mexican American Teenagers
• Upon hearing a rumor that A group of zoot-suit
  teenagers attacked several sailors about 2,500
  soldiers and sailors stormed into
  Mexican-American neighborhoods.
• They cut their hair and tore off their suits. No
  police intervention occurred

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Zoot-Suit
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The Japanese Internment

• After Pearl Harbor many Americans in the West
  began discriminating Japanese Americans
• Mobs attacked Japanese businesses and homes.
  Banks wouldnt cash their checks
• Feb. 12 1942 FDR singed executive order 9906.
• See Reading

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Japanese Internment and the 5th Amendment

• No person shall be held to answer for a capital,
  or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
  presentation or indictment of a grand jury,
  except in the cases arising in time of war or
  public danger nor shall any person be deprived
  of life, liberty or property, without due process
  of law.

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Japanese Internment Cont.

• No Japanese American was ever tried for espionage
  or sabotage,
• 1988 President Regan apologized and paid each
  surviving member of the interment camps 200,000.

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Ending WWII

• V-E Day May 8th 1945 Victory in Europe
• The Manhattan Project secret plan to build a
  nuclear bomb. July 16th 1945 US detonated the
  first Atomic bomb in Los Alamos New Mexico.
• After the success of the Okinawa
• Does the US invade Japanese Mainland?
• Do you risk losing 500,000 lives or do you use
  the newly designed A-bomb?

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Ending WWII

• August 6 1945 US Drop the Atomic bomb on
  Hiroshima
• August 9 1945 Soviets declare war on Japan and
  the US dropped a second A- bomb on Nagasaki
• V-J day August 15th 1945 Japan surrendered.
• Nuremburg Trials were set up to try German
  military leaders for war crimes 36 Germans and
  7 Japanese were executed.