Federalists and Republicans

1
Federalists and Republicans

• Chapter 6

2
Uncertain Times

• New country faced uncertain times
• U.S. weak and had war debt
• Needed a source of revenue to run the government
• During the first 8 years of the new government,
  two political parties will form
• Federalists Alexander Hamilton, John Adams
• Republicans Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

3
First President 1789-1797

• After Constitution ratified, Washington chosen by
  Congress to be the first president
• He did not want the job, but took it anyway out
  of a sense of duty
• Will set many precedents and establish how a
  president should act and what the job entails
• Served two terms, eight years

4
Alexander Hamiltons Plan

• Alexander Hamilton 1st Secretary of the Treasury
• Part of Washingtons cabinet
• Economic problems, Hamilton proposes a plan
• Opposed by Thomas Jefferson

5
Economic Plan War Bonds

• To raise money for the war, Congress had sold
  bonds-paper notes promising to repay money with
  interest after a certain amount of time
• Few believed bonds would be paid back, lost value
• Many citizens sold their bonds to speculators,
  people willing to take a risk in hopes of future
  financial gain
• Hamilton proposed U.S. govt. should repay these
  bonds
• Madison opposed plan, said it was unfair to
  citizens who already sold their bonds to
  speculators
• Madison and Southern delegates angry-most bonds
  were held by Northerners but taxes raised to pay
  them off came from the South

6
Economic Plan States debts

• As well as pay off old bonds, Hamilton proposed
  issuing new bonds
• Hamilton next proposed that Congress assume the
  states debts
• Northern states supported this-they owed money,
  most Southern states opposed-they paid off their
  debt already

7
Compromise A New National Capital

• After debates, Hamilton, Madison and Jefferson
  found a compromise
• Southern states approved Hamiltons plan if the
  new nations capital was moved from NYC to the
  South
• New capital located along the Potomac River and
  named the District of Columbia

Washington D.C. is located on the Chesapeake Bay
between Virginia and Maryland
8
Economic Plan Bank of the United States

• Hamilton also proposed establishing the Bank of
  the United States
• Argued needed to manage countrys debts and
  interest payments
• Bank would issue national currency which would
  promote trade, encourage investment, stimulate
  economic growth

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Bank Opposition

• Jefferson and Madison opposed bank
• Argued that Congress did not have the power to
  create it
• Not a part of the Fed. Govt.s enumerated
  powers-powers specifically mentioned in the
  Constitution
• Constitution states that Congress can make all
  laws which shall be necessary and proper to
  execute its responsibilities
• Also called the elastic clause

10
Washingtons Decision

• Washington signed the bill to create the
  bank-sets a precedent
• Created implied powers-powers not explicitly
  listed in the Constitution but necessary for the
  govt. to do its job
• Leads to continuing political disagreement about
  how the Constitution is interpreted

11
Taxing the People

• Along with tariffs, tax on imports, and bank,
  Congress begins taxing citizens directly
• Caused the Whiskey Rebellion-western farmers
  rebelling a tax on whiskey
• Whiskey used as a form of currency
• Washington sends troops to end rebellion
• Citizens worried at use of govt.s force against
  its own citizens

12
Rise of Political Parties

• Federalists and the Republicans-two party system
• Formed as Congress fought over economic issues
• Federalists Supported strong central government
  and interpreted the Constitution loosely
  (Hamilton, wealthy business owners, elite
  plantation owners)
• Republicans Supported strong state governments
  because they were closest to the will of the
  people and limited central government (Jefferson,
  Madison, rural citizens, farmers)
• Republicans later become known as the Democrats

13
Washingtons Farewell Address

• Famous speech and widely read, then and now
• Warned against sectionalism-division of the U.S.
  into North and South or East and West
• Against political parties
• Dependency on foreign countries

14
French Revolution

• Began in 1789, before Washington took office
• Most Americans sympathized, French seemed to be
  fighting for the same rights they had
• By 1793, French radicals seized control executed
  thousands of people, including the king and queen
• Federalists opposed the Revolution and supporting
  it horrified by the violence and chaos
• Republicans supported it admired their fight for
  liberty

15
International Turmoil

• French Revolution caused further disagreements
  between the two political parties
• Relations between France, a former ally, and
  England, former mother country, almost brought
  the U.S. into war
• Disagreement on international affairs divided
  Congress and the nation

16
John Adams Takes Office 1797-1801

• John Adams becomes the 2nd president in 1797
• First prez elected by the people-Federalist
• Dealt with issues with France and political
  parties
• Only served one term
• Defeated by Republican rival Thomas Jefferson

17
Adams Presidency

• Troubled presidency, bitter fighting between two
  parties
• U.S. caught in the middle of two warring nations
  England and France
• Both France and England were seizing American
  trade ships
• Quasi-War, or undeclared war at sea, ensues with
  France

18
Alien and Sedition Acts

• Public anger at France and fighting between
  political parties leads to the passing of the
  Alien and Sedition Acts
• Alien Acts Since many new immigrants were from
  Ireland and France, Federalists passed a law
  requiring immigrants to wait 14 years before
  becoming citizens
• Sedition Act prevented sedition, or incitement
  to rebellion, by making it a Federal crime to
  print or speak anything malicious about the
  government
• Repressed freedom of speech, made Adams unpopular

19
Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809

• 3rd president of the U.S. in 1801-Republican
• Defeats John Adams
• Jefferson claimed that Washington and Adams had
  acted like royalty
• Favored states rights over federal power
• Oversaw the Louisiana Purchase

20
Rise of the Supreme Court

• Before Adams left office, signed several
  Federalist judges and others into government
  positions
• Federalists controlled the courts, Republicans
  angry
• Adams appoints John Marshall as Chief Justice of
  the Supreme Court
• During his 34 years, made the Supreme Court into
  a powerful, independent branch of government

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Marburyv. Madison 1803

• First significant Supreme Court case
• Controversy surrounding Adams Federalist
  appointments before leaving office
• Established courts right of judicial review-the
  power to decide whether laws passed by Congress
  were constitutional and to strike down those laws
  that were not

22
Louisiana Purchase 1803

• France controlled New Orleans, land west of the
  Mississippi River
• Napoleon needed money for his wars
• Jefferson negotiated the Louisiana Purchase and
  bought Louisiana for 11.5 million, and take on
  French debts around 3.75 million Total-15
  million
• U.S. more than doubles its size
• Gains control of the Mississippi River

23
Louisiana Purchase
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International Troubles

• Jefferson trying to keep U.S. out of war
• France and G.B. fighting-Napoleonic Wars
• Both countries restricting our Atlantic trade
• G.B. captured and forced American sailors into
  military service-impressment
• Leads to an embargo, govt. ban on trade with
  other countries
• Hurt more than it helped

25
War of 1812

• James Madison becomes 4thprez.
• Declares war on G.B.
• Congress divided on issue of war
• Washington D.C. burned
• No land gained, Canadas borders defined
• Nationalism grows