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Definition Technology (Gr. te???????a "craftsmanship" ????? "word, reckoning" the
suffix ?a) has more than one definition. One is
the development and application of tools,
machines, materials and processes that help to
solve human problems. As a human activity,
technology predates both science and engineering.
It embodies the human knowledge of solving real
problems in the design of standard tools,
machines, materials or the process. Thus
standardization of design is an essential feature
of technology.
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What means one-to-one Communication? Requirement
for the one-to-one Communication is the
communication between two persons. one-to-one
Medium are for example - body, voice, language -
telephone - mobile phones - digital
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• The first one-to-on communication was the human
  body.
• When a person tried to show a necessity he just
  got his hands, facial expression or gesture.
• Through all channels like eye, ear, skin, smell
  and taste do person communicate with another.

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• Since nowadays the body language is the oldest
  and important language that human being has.
• The people want to abet there body language at
  one time and started using there voice with
  sounds and express there necessity much more.

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• The language development is not natural. The
  people developed there mind to make feelings,
  emotions and necessities clearer to each other.
  And so they start to develop language.
• Nowadays we can divide the basic communication
  elements in two main groups.

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• As an example in which form these techniques can
  be used to inform, lead and manipulate people is
  Adolf Hitler in the Third Reich. He used...
• ... his aggressiv facial expressions and gesture.
• ... his voice in different intonations and
  different loudnesses.
• ... speech to lead opinions.

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• for examples...
• ... the pointing forefinger causes threat
• ... the clenched fist on his heart means
  that he is powered by emotions
• ...the breaks in his speeches cause tension
• This Hitler example can also be used in case of
  the one-to-one communication.

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• In the 1870s, two inventors Elisha Gray and
  Alexander Graham Bell both independently designed
  devices that could transmit speech electrically.
• Both men rushed their respective designs to the
  patent office within hours of each other.
• Alexander Graham Bell patentet his telephone
  first.

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• The two inventors entered into a famous legal
  battle over the invention of the telephone, which
  Bell won.
• When Bell began experimenting with electrical
  signals, the telegraph had been an established
  means of communication for some 30 years.
• The telegraph, with its dot-and-dash Morse code,
  was basically limited to receiving and sending
  one message at a time.

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• Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound
  and his understanding of music enabled him to
  conjecture the possibility of transmitting
  multiple messages over the same wire at the same
  time.
• By October 1874, Bell could inform his future
  father-in-law about the possibility of a multiple
  telegraph.

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• He instantly saw the potential for breaking such
  a monopoly and gave Bell the financial backing he
  needed.
• Bell proceeded with his work on the multiple
  telegraph, but he did not tell Hubbard that he
  and Thomas Watson, a young electrician whose
  services he had enlisted, were also exploring an
  idea that had occurred to him that summer - that
  of developing a device that would transmit speech
  electrically.

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• By June 1875 the goal of creating a device that
  would transmit speech electrically was about to
  be realized.
• They only had to build a working transmitter with
  a membrane capable of varying electronic currents
  and a receiver that would reproduce these
  variations in audible frequencies.

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• On June 2, 1875, Alexander Graham Bell discovered
  he could hear sound over a wire. The sound was
  that of a twanging clock spring.
• Bell's greatest success was achieved on March 10,
  1876, marked not only the birth of the telephone
  but the death of the multiple telegraph as well.

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• Speaking through the instrument to his assistant,
  Thomas A. Watson, in the next room, Bell utters
  these famous first words, "Mr. Watson -- come
  here -- I want to see you."
• By the end of 1880, there were 47,900 telephones
  in the United States.
• The following year telephone service between
  Boston and Providence had been established

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• 1892 Service between New York and Chicago
  started
• 1894 Service between New York and Boston
  started
• 1915 Transcontinental service by overhead wire
  started
• 1889 Almon B. Strowger invented a switch that
  could connect one line to any of 100 lines by
  using relays and sliders.

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• 1989 These switches were in use till then.
• 1948 Dr. Claude Shannon published "A
  Mathematical Theory of Communication," which
  promoted the concept of communicating in
  binary code.

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History of Mobile (Cellular) phones 1921 In US
Mobile radios at 2Mhz 1934 US creates FCC 1946

• On June 17, 1946 in Saint Louis, Missouri,
  ATT and Southwestern Bell introduced the first
  American commercial mobile radio-telephone
  service.
• They operated on six channels in the 150 MHz band
  with a 60 kHz channel spacing

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• 1947
• Basic concept realized by using small cells
  (range of service area)
• ATT began operating a "highway service"
• It operated in the 35 to 44MHz band and caused
  interference from time to time with other distant
  services
• 1949 The FCC allocated a few more channels but
  gave half to other companies wanting to sell
  mobile telephone service.

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Mid 50s

• The first phone-equipped cars took to the
  road in Stockholm.
• First users a doctor-on-call and a
  bank-on-wheels
• The apparatus consisted of receiver, transmitter
  and logic unit mounted in the boot of the car,
  with the dial and handset fixed to a board
  hanging over the back of the front seat

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1956 The Bell System began providing manual
radio - telephone service at 450 MHz 1958 The
innovative Richmond Radiotelephone Company
improved their automatic dialing system (direct
mobile to mobile communication)

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Mid 60s
1964 Improved Mobile Telephone Service or IMTS
by the Bell System (irect dialing, automatic
channel selection and reduced bandwidth to 25-30
kHz.) 1968 ATT / Bell Labs proposed a cellular
phone system to the FCC of many small,
low-powered broadcast towers. 1977 ATT Bell
Labs constructed and operated a prototype
cellular phone system. 1978 Public trials of
the new cellular phone system were started in
Chicago, IL with over 2000 trial cellular phone
customers.

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• 1979
• The first commercial cellular phone system began
  operation in Tokyo
• CAMR (Conférence Administrative Mondiale des
  Radio Communcations) Geneva redivision of
  frequencies of the radio spectrum ? 900 Mhz band
  becomes available
• 1981 Motorola and American Radio phone started a
  second U.S. cellular radio-phone system test in
  the Washington/Baltimore area.

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• 1982
• FCC finally authorized commercial cellular phone
  service for the USA.
• Appearance of the first commercial national
  radiotelegraphic analogue services in Europe
• The European Post and Telecommunication (CEPT)
  creates GSM (Groupe Spécial Mobile)
• 1983
• The first American commercial for analogue
  cellular phone service or AMPS (Advanced Mobile
  Phone Service)

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1985 mobile telephone market satisfied ? more
interest again for the GSM project, with support
of the Commission of the European Union

• 1986
• France Telecom wants headstart on next generation
  digital phones, Germany follows their example.
• Italy and Great-Brittain start negotiations for
  digital technology options
• GSM gets the assignment to specify a digital
  system

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• 1987
• FCC declared in 1987 that cellular phone
  licensees may employ alternative cellular phone
  technologies in the 800 MHz band. The cellular
  phone industry began to research new transmission
  technology as an alternative.
• 13 European countries make a deal about the
  options of the future norm and choose the digital
  system definitely.

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1988 17 European Telecom organisations
introduce a digital cellular system in the 900
MHz band Commercialisation can begin and spreads
in the 80s.

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1992 The abbreviation GSM becomes Global System
for Mobile Communication. It symbolizes the
transfer from lab product to commercialized. Mobi
le phones today Nowadays the GSM group works on
the standardisation of the third generation
mobile networks (3G) UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System), within the third
Generation Partnership Project. Lots of functions
for the mobile phone

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SMS (Short Message Service) Accidental
success One of the few services in consumer
history that has grown very fast without
corresponding decreases in pricing Astonishing
growth during the year 2000 in Europe Ringtones
(binary SMS rather than the standard text) Very
popular in Europe, Asia, Australia MMS
(Multimedia Message Service) Successor of
SMS Uses the GPRS (General Packet Radio
Service) network It can be text, sound, picture
or video