Russia & Japan: Industrialization Outside the West

1
Russia Japan Industrialization Outside the West

• AP World History

2
Similarities

• Maintained economic and political independence
  during the Wests century of power
• Prior experience of imitation
• Knew that learning from outsiders could be
  profitable and need not destroy their native
  cultures
• Improved their political effectiveness during the
  17th 18 centuries
• Used the state to sponsor changes (in the West
  change was initiated by private businesses)

3
Similarities

• Expansionist
• Literacy increases
• Not much reform or industrialization the first
  half of 19th century
• Tensions between traditionalists and reformist
  intellectuals
• Extensive railroad network created
• New parliaments created
• Imitated West but retained identity
• Centralized authoritarian states

4
Similarities

• Pre World War I Russia and Japan were NOT equal
  to the West
• Rise contributed to the growing sense of
  competition between established western powers

5
Russia

• Process of industrialization undercut social
  stability
• Tsarist empire improved political effectiveness
• Prior experience of imitating Byzantium
• Alliances after 1815
• Decembrist Uprising (1825)
• Loss in Crimean War (1853-56) convinces leaders
  to reform (socially and militarily)
• Emancipation of the serfs (1861)

6
Russia

• Lacked a middle class
• Low technical standards in factories
• Lacked a highly trained labor force
• Business people were not assertive in challenging
  aristocratic power
• Rise of intelligentsia (like Lenin)
• Workers were more radical than in the west

7
Russia

• Expansionist (Black Sea, East Asia, Balkans(?)
• Duma (parliament)
• Rich in natural resources
• Russo-Japanese War (1905)

8
Japan

• Process of industrialization maintained greater
  social cohesion
• Tokugawa shogunate improved political
  effectiveness
• Prior experience of imitating China (religion,
  written language, etc)
• Shogunate weakens
• Japan becomes more secular

9
Japan

• Rejection of Chinese medicine and culture
• Commodore Perry uses military pressure to force
  trade (1853)
• Period of isolation ends
• New emperor proclaimed (1868) Meiji Restoration
• Political changes went deeper than in Russia
• Abolished feudalism (1871)

10
Japan

• Samurai issues
• Modernized army, navy, government banks, etc.
• Land reform motivated production, new
  fertilizers, new equipment
• Centralized imperial rule
• Expansionist imperialist (Korea, Manchuria,
  Taiwan) fueled economic needs, growing
  industrial and military strength, and population
  pressure
• Rise of the ziabatsu
• Japanese government maintained closer supervision
  of industrialization than Russia

11
Japan

• Incorporated business leaders into its governing
  structure
• Resource poor
• Industrialization changed Japan more profoundly
  than Russia
• Universal education system introduced
• Government initiative dominated manufacturing
  (transportation and military)
• Economic growth and careful government policy
  allowed Japan to avoid western domination
• Labor organization was repressed

12
Japan

• Diet (parliament)
• Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
• Western haircuts, hygiene, calendar, metric
  system
• Nationalism was built on traditions of
  superiority, cohesion, deference to rulers, and
  tensions from rapid change
• Nationalism helped them avoid a revolution
• Leaders encouraged national loyalty and devotion
  to the emperor
• Japans surge promoted a fear in the West of a
  new yellow peril