Lingkungan Sosial dan Budaya

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Lingkungan Sosial dan Budaya

• Dr. Vanessa Gaffar, SE.Ak, MBA
• Dewi Pancawati N,MM

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What is Culture?

• Lack of clear definitions !
• Definition 1 a system of values and norms that
  are shared among a group of people (Hill, 2000
  79)
• Definition 2 collective programming of mind
  (Hofstede, 1984 21)
• Values and norms at what level? National,
  regional, ethnic, and organizational culture
• Determinants of culture Religion, education,
  language, and philosophy (political, social,
  economic)

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What is Culture?

• Antropologis dan Sosiologis
• ways of living, yg dibangun oleh sekelompok
  manusia dan dialihkan dari satu generasi ke
  generasi berikutnya, termasuk di dalamnya nilai,
  gagasan, perilaku, dan simbol yang membentuk
  manusia baik disadari maupun tidak disadari
• Geert Hoftsede
• Pemograman pikiran secara kolektif yang
  membedakan suatu kelompok dengan kelompok lainnya

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What is Culture?
A system of values and norms shared among a group
of people and, when taken together, constitute a
design for living
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High and Low Context Cultures
High Context Low Context
Informasi kurang, berdasarkan latar belakang, asosiasi, nilai dasar. Pesan tertuang,secara eksplisit banyak informasi
Berdasarkan kpd nilai, posisi, serta tempat seseorang berada
Pinjaman berdasarkan kelengakapan dokumen dan jumlah uang yg akan dipinjam Pinjaman berdasarkan atas who you are
Perkataan seseorang sifatnya tidak mengikat Perkataan seseorang sifatnya mengikat
Proses nego sebentar Proses nego yang lama
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High and Low Context Cultures
Faktor/Dimensi High Context Low Context
Lawyers Kurang penting Sangat penting
A persons word Tidak bisa diharapkan, hrs ada hitam diatas putih Bersifat Mengikat
Tanggungjawab thd kesalahan Berada dlm tahap yg tinggi Berada dlm tahap yg dibawah
Ruang Orang bebas bernafas Individualistik
Waktu Polychronic Monochronic
Negosiasi Lama Panjang Cepat
Tender bersaing Jarang Pada Umumnya
Contoh Negara Jepang, Negara Timur Tengah AS, Eropa Timur
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Determinants of Culture
Culture norms and value systems
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Social Structure
Hard to Build Teams
Individual
Group two or more individuals with a shared sense
of identity
Western
Mobile Managers
Entrepreneurship
Lack of Loyalty
Group
Lack of Entrepreneur- ship
Non-mobile Managers
Eastern
Lifetime Employment
Identity
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Religion

• Shared beliefs and rituals concerned with the
  realm of the sacred
• Ethical Systems
• Moral principles or values used to guide and
  shape behavior
• Shapes attitudes toward work and entrepreneurship
  and can affect the cost of doing business

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Language

• Allows people to communicate
• Structures the way the world is perceived
• Directs attention to certain features of the
  world rather than others
• Helps define culture
• Promotes separatist tendencies

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Spoken Language
Imagewww.gettyimages.com
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Non-spoken Language

• Nonverbal cues
• eyebrows
• fingers/thumbs
• hand gestures
• feet
• personal space
• body gestures

• Form a circle with fingers to indicate O.K.
• Brazil and Germany - gesture is obscene
• Japan - it means money
• France - zero or worthless

Image http//creative.gettyimages.com 803001
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Dress as Non-spoken Language

• WASHINGTON, January 27, 2005 (Reuters) - VP Dick
  Cheney raised eyebrows while representing the
  United States at a solemn ceremony remembering
  the liberation of Auschwitz
• Between the somber, dark-coated leaders at the
  outdoor ceremony sat Cheney, resplendent in a
  olive-drab parka embroidered with his name and
  featuring a fur-trimmed hood, the laced brown
  hiking boots, and a knit ski cap reading "Staff
  2001"
• Other leaders at the event marking the 60th
  anniversary of the death camp's liberation, such
  as French President Jacques Chirac and Russian
  President Vladimir Putin, wore dark, formal
  overcoats and dress shoes or boots
• "The vice president, however, was dressed in the
  kind of attire one typically wears to operate a
  snow blower he looked like an awkward boy amid
  the well-dressed adults" The Washington Post

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Non-spoken Language in Business

• Nonverbal cues
• closed doors
• office size
• conversational distance
• gift giving
• acceptable?
• gift or bribe?

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Education
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Culture and the Workplace

• Four dimensions include
• Power distance
• Individualism versus collectivism
• Uncertainty avoidance
• Masculinity versus femininity

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Hofstedes Dimensions (1 of 2)

• Power distance
• Sejauh mana anggota menerima Distribusi kekuasaan
  antara individu-individu
• Large
• karyawan percaya supervisor benar bahkan ketika
  mereka salahkaryawan tidak mengambil inisiatif
• Small
• Majemen participate style of management
  kemungkinan akan lebih produktif
• Individualism versus collectivism
• Collectivist cultures look after people in
  exchange for loyalty
• Individualistic cultures - people look after
  themselves and their families

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Hofstedes Dimensions (2 of 2)

• Uncertainty avoidance
• Sejauh mana anggota masyarakat merasa terancam
  oleh ambiguitas dan enggan mengambil risiko
• Resiko tinggi-menghindari budaya - karyawan
  cenderung untuk tinggal dengan perusahaan mereka
  untuk waktu yang lama
• Resiko tinggi budaya - karyawan tahan terhadap
  perubahan organisasi
• Rendah menghindari risiko budaya - sangat mobile
• Masculinity versus femininity
• Masculinity
• penekanan pada ketegasanperolehan uang dan
  statuspencapaian penghargaan organisasi terlihat
  dan simbolis
• Femininity
• penekanan pada hubungan orangkepedulian terhadap
  orang lainkeseluruhan kualitas hidup

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Culture and Ethics

• Do the right thing
• Thomas Donaldsons Three Principles
• Respect for core human values (human rights),
  which determine the absolute moral threshold for
  all business activities
• Respect for local tradition
• The belief that context matters when deciding
  what is right and what is wrong

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Culture is Dynamic
Cultural Change
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Six Rules of Thumb for Doing Business Across
Cultures

• Persiapan
• Ketenangan
• Percaya akan keberhasilan
• Memahami pentingnya bahasa
• Menghormati perbedaan budaya

Image http//creative.gettyimages.com/
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Business Culture

• An American businessman went to Taiwan to close a
  deal with the president of a large paper company.
  Since they were meeting for the first time, they
  started out with the normal pleasantries such as
  "How was your trip?" etc. It turned out the
  American happened to be from Columbus, Ohio, the
  home of Ohio State University. When the president
  of the Taiwanese company mentioned that his son
  was going to this school, the American business
  person said, "Yes, it's a very good school, let's
  talk business."