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• This guide presents an overview of current,
  doctrinally approved tank training plans. The
  intent is to familiarize the user with
  armor-related training plans and includes links
  to tips, techniques and procedure that can be
  used to train and test tank gunnery or tactical
  skills. This guide is designed for use with FM
  17-12-series manuals and the technical manuals or
  other resource materials for each device.
• This guide was developed as a ready reference for
  tank commanders, platoon sergeants, platoon
  leaders, master gunners, S3s, and the chain of
  command of armor units. From this manual, the
  user can determine methods that will best support
  the type of planned gunnery/tactical training at
  home station.
• The proponent of this publication is USF
  Interactive Media Productions. Submit changes for
  improving this publication on Internal Form 2028
  (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank
  Forms) and forward it to Gregory Motes, United
  States Army, Tampa, FL 33620. E-mail
  gmotes_at_mail.usf.edu.

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Individual Tasks

• Tank Crew Gunnery Skills Test
• Combat Life Saver
• Drivers Training

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Tank Crew Gunnery Skills Test (TCGST)

• Tank Crew Gunnery Skills Test comprises of 17
  basic skills from Vehicle ID to assembling
  machine guns to laying the main gun on multiple
  targets.
• Skills are assessed as go/no-go, and typically,
  tank crews spend 2 weeks preparing for TCGST
  prior to taking the test

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Combat Lifesaver Course (CLS)

• Each crew is required to have one soldier
  certified as a combat lifesaver. This page will
  link into more detailed programs
• Click here for more Information on CLS

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Drivers Training

• Drivers training is a comprehensive paper based
  test with an intensive road course.
• Armys Drivers Training Page

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Crew Tasks

• UCOFT
• Reticle Aim 200
• Tank Tables 1-3
• Chair Drills
• TCPC
• Tank Table IV
• Crew Qualification
• Tank Tables V VII
• Tank Table VIII

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UCOFT
(Page 1 of 3)

• The COFT is an M1/M1A1 tank gunnery training
  device for TC/gunner teams. Its primary purpose
  is to sustain basic gunnery skills and increase
  combat gunnery skills. The COFT places the TC and
  gunner in a realistically simulated crew station
  and presents them with a full range of
  computer-controlled engagement situations. The
  COFT produces full-color, computer-generated
  action scenes in which crew members interact with
  various target situations. Programmed exercises
  vary in target type and number, range, vehicle
  and target motion, visibility, and other complex
  conditions. The crew is in no danger, no fuel is
  consumed, and no ammunition is expended. The
  result is challenging, progressive gunnery
  training. For convenience, the COFT has a mobile
  unit (MCOFT) that is predominantly used by
  National Guard units, and provides the same
  training values as the COFT.

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UCOFT
(Page 2 of 3)

• The system simulates the following visual
  effects
• Multiple, single, and delayed targets (T-72, BMP,
  BRDM, ZSU-23-4, HIND-D, truck GAZ-69, MI-8C,
  rocket-propelled grenade RPG team, troops, M1,
  M2/M3, M60A3, and AH-64).
• Varied ranges, speeds, exposure times, and
  reactive targets.
• Own-vehicle moving and stationary.
• Round tracer.
• Scene obscuration.
• Round impact and effect on target.
• Round impact on terrain.
• Catastrophic kill.
• Mobility kill (advanced matrix).
• Friendly fire.
• Enemy direct and indirect fire.
• Own vehicle hit and kill.

• The system provides the following visibility
  conditions
• Day unlimited.
• Day with haze.
• Day with fog.
• Dawn and dusk.
• Night unlimited.
• Night with thermal clutter.
• Mortar illumination (advanced matrix).
• The system provides the following aural cues to
  the crew
• Enemy direct and indirect fire.
• Round loading and reloading sounds.
• Loaders "UP."
• Main gun, M240, and M2 machine gun firing.
• Track clatter.
• Engine and transmission sounds.
• Gun jump.
• TIS cooling fan.
• Turret blower.

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UCOFT
(Page 3 of 3)
EXERCISE LIBRARY FOR M1/M1A1 COFT (Original Matrix) EXERCISE LIBRARY FOR M1/M1A1 COFT (Original Matrix)
Orientation 1 Sustainment Orientation1 Basic, Cross, and Transition Orientation
Preparation 1 Preparation for Operation
Boresight, Calibration, and Zeroing 3 Exercises
Acquisition and Manipulation 5 Gunner Exercises4 Commander Exercises
Evaluation 4 Training Exercises
Killer Tank 2 Training Exercises ( European Environment)2 Training Exercises (Desert Environment)
TC Only 126 Training Exercises (European Environment)30 Training Exercises (Desert Environment)
TC/Gunner 390 Training Exercises (European Environment)120 Training Exercises (Desert Environment)
Total 689 Training Exercises
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Chair Drills

• Chair drills are a crew rehearsal drill to
  prepare the entire crew for tank situations.
  Typically used as preparation for Tank Table VIII
  and Tank Table XII, chair drills allow a crew to
  practice fire commands, conduct of fire and
  discuss various ways to execute crew battle
  drills.
• For an example of a
• PowerPoint based chair drill
• with malfunctions, click here

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Tank Crew Proficiency Course (TCPC)

• An integral part of sustainment gunnery plan
  involves the use of a Tank Crew Proficiency
  Course (TCPC). TCPC is essentially a dry-fire,
  full rehearsal of Tank gunnery, including
  situational malfunctions. TCPC is typically
  executed after numerous classes on preliminary
  gunnery subjects such as target acquisition,
  engagement techniques, fire commands, and misfire
  procedures. Upon completion of the classes, the
  unit conducts a diagnostic and record TCGST.
  TCPC, the tasks that were evaluated included gun
  lay, tracking, fire commands, engagement
  techniques, berm drills (driving techniques),
  shooting in a simulated NBC environment, thermal
  sight usage, range determination, and target
  (fire) adjustment. Upon completion of the TCPC,
  the battalion and company master gunners can
  determine which crews are not as strong as other
  crews in their crew skills. These crews (usually
  the newer crews) are identified and were sent to
  further utilize the Conduct of Fire Trainer
  (COFT). This gives each of the weaker crews
  additional training prior to qualification.

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Crew Qualification

• Preparation for Tank Table VIII begins about six
  months before the annual qualification takes
  place and includes crews' completion of Tank
  Tables V, VI and VII.
• In Table V, the tank remains stationary and fires
  its machine gun at both stationary and moving
  targets on Table VI, the main gun is used in
  defensive actions only, and Table VII employs
  both machine guns and main guns against both
  stationary and moving targets while the tank is
  both stationary and moving.
• Table VII is actually harder than Table VIII
  because the response times have to be quicker.
• In Table VII, crews don't get real good scores,
  but they hone their skills.
• Table VIII involves simultaneous engagements with
  the M1A1's main gun and .50-cal. machine guns,
  manual shooting when the range finder fails and
  dual moving-tank engagements, requiring that two
  moving tanks be "killed."
• In other engagements, crew members must don their
  protective masks in both day and night scenarios
  and shoot plastic "infantrymen" and plywood
  "armored personnel carriers" simultaneously.
• A perfect score is 1,000 for 10 engagements each
  worth up to 100 points Crews rarely max Table
  VIII.
• Crews qualify with 700 points minimum they gain
  a superior rating if they chalk up at least 800
  points, and are classified as "distinguished" if
  they accrue 900 points.
• Precision and timing are critical.
• All targets pop up on computer-operated target
  lifters and remain up for 40 to 50 seconds,
  main-gun targets being between 1,200 and 2,000
  meters downrange.
• Two evaluators per tank keep score, docking a
  crew points for incorrect fire commands and
  safety violations. One of the highest penalties
  is 30 points for an open hatch.
• A tank commander can forfeit all points on one
  engagement if he fails to call "cease fire" after
  completing the engagement, making crew drills and
  conduct of fire rehearsing essential.

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Platoon Tasks

• Platoon Gunnery Trainer (PGT)
• Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT)
• Platoon Gunnery Qualification
• Tank Table XII

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Platoon Gunnery Trainer (PGT)

• The PGT is designed to train armor platoon
  leaders and platoon sergeants in command and
  control and fire distribution to destroy enemy
  targets in a tactical scenario. It does this by
  presenting the platoon with a series of realistic
  combat situations that require proper planning,
  reporting, and execution if the platoon is to be
  successful. The system reinforces those skills
  already learned using the COFT or AGTS. It
  requires the TC/gunner combinations to continue
  to engage targets using correct precision and
  degraded-mode gunnery techniques.
• There are two versions of the PGT currently
  fielded COFT PGT and AGTS PGT. Both versions
  consist of four linked trainers with an attached
  platoon after-action review (PAAR) station.
• More information on in FM 17-12-7

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Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT)

• The CCTT is a system of manned modules and
  workstations that allow units to train armor,
  cavalry, and mechanized infantry collective tasks
  at the platoon through battalion task force
  level.
• For more information,
• click here

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Platoon Gunnery Qualification

• Firing Tables XI and XII is typically a 48-hour
  operation. Table XI is a practice run that a
  platoon conducts to prepare for Table XII. The
  following day, the platoon conducts the live-fire
  portion of the exercise.
• Table XII gives tankers the opportunity to build
  on the individual crew duties that they were
  evaluated on during their Table VIII
  qualification.

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Force on Force

• Battle Drills
• Local Training Area
• Situational Training Exercises
• Combat Training Centers

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Battle Drills

• Battle drills derive from a Units Mission
  Essential Task List (METL)
• More info on deriving tasks from the METL, click
  here

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Local Training Areas (LTA)

• Local training areas provide imaginative
  opportunities for leaders to train their
  organizations.
• In an LTA, a commander can conduct a Field
  Training Exercise (FTX), which is conducted under
  simulated combat conditions in the field. FTXs
  fully integrate the total force in a realistic
  combat environment. They involve combat arms, CS,
  and CSS units. FTXs encompass such training as
  battle drills, crew drills, and STXs to reinforce
  soldier and collective training integration. They
  are used to train the commander, staff,
  subordinate units, and slice elements--
• To move and maneuver units realistically.
• To employ organic weapons systems effectively.
• To build teamwork and cohesion.
• To plan and coordinate supporting fires.
• To plan and coordinate logistical activities to
  support tactical operations.

Example Vignettes
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Situational Training Exercises (STX)

• Situational Training Exercises (STX) provide an
  excellent environment for the simultaneous
  performance of multiechelon training activities
  to evaluate and to sustain the skills of
  soldiers, leaders, teams, staffs, and units.
  Exercises simulate battle conditions to train
  leaders under mission-unique conditions and
  standards for applying the best tactics,
  techniques, and procedures to the unit METT-T.
  Some exercises use minimal troop support in
  providing commanders and staffs realistic
  practice in executing wartime missions. Other
  exercises combine units, including other
  services, to train critical teamwork and
  synchronization skills.

• Some goals associated with training exercises
  are--
• Sustain soldier, leader, and collective skills.
• Develop and sustain command and control skills of
  commanders and their staffs.
• Support multiechelon training.
• Provide an opportunity to train using
  increasingly more realistic (difficult)
  conditions.

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Combat Training Center (CTC)

• The Combat Training Centers are the premier
  establishments for force on force missions
  against and uncooperative OPFOR.
• More information in this brief
• NTC (National Training Center)
• CMTC (Combat Maneuver Training Center)
• JRTC (Joint Readiness Training Center)

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National Training Center (NTC)

• NTC is located at Fort Irwin, California, in the
  middle of the Mojave Desert. The NTC focuses
  primarily on training Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs)
  in mid-to-high intensity conflict. This training
  is accomplished through the use of realistic
  joint and combined arms training in
  contingency-based scenarios. NTC provides
  comprehensive force-on-force maneuver and live
  fire training.
• The maneuver box at the NTC is as large as the
  state of Rhode Island, 1,001 square miles. The
  depth and width of the battle space gives brigade
  elements the unique opportunity to exercise all
  of its elements in a realistic environment. This
  is often a units only opportunity to test its
  combat service and combat service support
  elements over a doctrinal distance. BCTs must be
  able to communicate through up to 8
  communications corridors, evacuate casualties
  over 40 kilometers, and navigate at night in
  treacherous terrain with few distinguishable
  roads. Other environmental conditions such as a
  40 to 50 degree diurnal temperature range, winds
  over 45 knots, and constant exposure to the sun
  stresses every system and soldier to their limit.
• The NTCs training scenario is set on the
  fictional island of Tierra Del Diablo. The
  discovery of weapons grade Uranium in the
  disputed region of Parumphistan (a province of
  Mojave) led to increasing tensions between the
  U.S., the Peoples Democratic Republic of
  Krasnovia (a Warsaw pact nation and Soviet-style
  enemy), the Kingdom of Parumphia (a Krasnovian
  ally), and the Republic of Mojave (friendly,
  democratic, pro-western country). The Baja
  Republic to the south remains neutral. U.S.
  troops deploy to Mojave in support of the peace
  process and to aid in the defense of Mojave if
  necessary. The other group involved in the region
  is the Parumphian Peoples Guerillas (PPG). This
  is a loosely organized group of terrorists /
  freedom fighters who want Parumphistan to return
  to Krasnovian control.
• Each fiscal year, NTC conducts ten (10)
  rotations, each rotation consisting of 28 days.
  The first 5 days (RSOI 1-5) are spent generating
  combat power and integrating into the 52nd ID
  (M). During this period, there are host nation
  visits, demonstrations, stability and support
  operation (SASO) missions, media events and
  attacks by the PPG, which challenge the BCT JA
  and civil-military operations cell. The second
  phase, training days 6-9, is force-on-force
  training where the BCT conducts high intensity
  operations with the Krasnovian forces using MILES
  equipment. During this time period a BCT will
  normally conduct one defense in sector, two
  attacks and a movement to contact. The battle
  rhythm gives the BCT 24 hours between missions
  with two of the battles fought back-to-back. The
  third phase of the operation is live fire. This
  phase usually runs training days 9-14. NTC is the
  only facility in the U.S. Army that allows a full
  Brigade Combat Team to conduct both a live fire
  attack and a live fire defense integrating all of
  the Battle Operating Systems (BOSs), including
  direct air support from the Air Force. The BCT
  then fights through the ground upon which it
  conducts the live fire. Live fire may also
  include an attack on a local village by light
  forces or MPs to clear PPG. The final 8 days of
  the operation is regeneration of combat power and
  redeployment.

Click here for the National Training Center
public Web Site
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Combat Maneuver Training Center (CMTC)

• The CMTC is located at Hohenfels, Germany. Until
  recently, CMTC was loosely considered the "NTC of
  Europe," focusing on force-on-force maneuver
  training. However, CMTC now boasts
  state-of-the-art MOUT and ancillary training
  facilities that allow CMTC to provide training in
  both combat operations and military operations
  other than war (MOOTW). The CMTC provides
  training across the spectrum of conflict, using
  scenarios developed from recent operations
  (Haiti, Somalia, Bosnia, and Kosovo, etc.) and
  mission rehearsals to prepare forces for
  deployment or likely contingency operations. The
  CMTC focuses on brigade and below commands and
  staffs, force-on-force maneuver training for
  armored and mechanized infantry battalions,
  company-level situational training exercises
  (STXs), and individual replacement training (IRT)
  for forces entering the Bosnia and Kosovo
  theaters of operations.
• The maneuver "box" at the CMTC is 10 km x 20 km
  in area. The size of the "box" is ideal for
  battalion task force sized elements. Typically, a
  brigade headquarters will deploy to the CMTC and
  serve as the higher headquarters as each of its
  battalions rotates through their training
  exercise. At least twice during each rotation,
  two battalions operate in the "box" at one time.
  During these periods, the brigade headquarters
  also deploys into the "box" and operates with the
  two battalions, conducting both defensive and
  offensive operations. The brigade judge advocate
  functions within the brigade headquarters,
  responding to legal issues both during "brigade
  ops" and when only one battalion is in rotation.
• CMTC offers training in both high-intensity
  conflict (HIC), force-on-force scenarios, and
  low-to-mid-intensity conflict (LIC/MIC), and
  military operations other than war (MOOTW).
  Except for mission-specific rehearsal exercises,
  CMTC uses the same general scenario. The HIC
  portion generally involves three neighboring
  countries, Sowenia, Vilslakia, and Juraland.
  Sowenia is a fledgling democracy and an ally with
  the United States and NATO. The Vilslakian
  government was recently overthrown by a military
  coup and is now making claims to a small portion
  of Sowenia, inhabited mostly by ethnic
  Vilslakians. Juraland struggles to remain
  neutral. The scenario begins either as a PSO
  scenario that moves to HIC when the Vilslakians
  cross the international border or it begins as a
  HIC rotation once the Vilslakians have already
  crossed the border.
• CMTC conducts approximately 5 brigade rotations
  (up to 63 days each) per year, each with imbedded
  battalion rotations (25 days each). CMTC also
  conducts two Mission Rehearsal Exercises (up to
  28 days each) per year and teaches 4 Individual
  Readiness Training Situational Training Exercises
  (IRT STX) per month. Each brigade rotation is
  comprised of up to 3 task forces and 1 Cavalry
  squadron. Rotations typically employ the 3-5-14-3
  day rotational task force window model 3 day
  deployment/MILES draw 5 day company focus lane
  training (STXs) 14 day force-on-OPFOR maneuver
  exercise in movement to contact/attack/defend
  stages and a 3 day recovery.

Click here for the Combat Maneuver Training
Center public Web Site
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Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC)

• JRTC is located at Fort Polk, Louisiana. This CTC
  focuses primarily on training light infantry
  brigade task forces in low-to-mid-intensity
  conflict. This is accomplished through the use of
  tough, realistic training conditions.
• Each fiscal year, JRTC conducts eight rotations
  and two Mission Readiness Exercises (MREs). A
  single rotation consists of 16 days. This time is
  divided roughly as follows Days 1-4 are spent in
  the Intermediate Staging Base (ISB) and days 5-16
  are spent performing the exercise itself ("in the
  box").
• A typical training scenario at JRTC includes a
  brigade-sized joint task force deploying to the
  fictional island of Aragon to support the
  friendly nation of Cortina. In addition to the
  approximately 3,500 troops supporting the
  brigade, there are also approximately 1,500
  troops supporting echelons above division (EAD)
  units during a normal rotation. These EAD units
  usually include a combat hospital as well as a
  corps support group. The permissive or forced
  entry of coalition forces into Cortina is
  intended to improve stability in the region by
  quelling an ongoing insurgency in Cortina. A
  non-MRE rotation generally has three operational
  phases. First is an insertion and
  counter-insurgency operation second is a defense
  (in response to an Atlantican attack) and third
  is an attack into a state-of-the-art Military
  Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) complex.
• Numerous forces augment the airborne, air
  assault, and light infantry brigades to provide
  flexibility and "light-heavy" integration. Such
  forces include mechanized and armor units,
  special operations forces, Air Force Air Combat
  Command forces, and Naval, Marine Aviation and
  Marine Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company
  (ANGLICO) units.
• Due to the low-to-mid intensity environment, the
  different phases of the operation, and the
  various parties involved, JRTC is a legally rich
  training environment. In the Entry/Counter-Insurge
  ncy Phase, JAs will encounter issues such the
  international justification for the entry of U.S.
  and other friendly forces, use of facilities,
  justification for the use of force, and the
  collection of intelligence from civilians. This
  phase also stresses issues relating to rules of
  engagement (ROE), security assistance, nation
  assistance, and force protection. In the
  Defensive Operations phase, additional issues
  arise, such as noncombatant evacuation operations
  (NEOs), requests for political asylum, the
  handling of refugees, and other diplomatic
  issues. Atlantican attacks will also trigger
  application of the law of war and civilians may
  have to be physically cleared from the
  battlefield. In the Offensive Operations Phase,
  JAs will encounter still more issues, such as
  maneuver damage claims, weapons and targeting
  issues, peculiarities relative to operations on
  urban terrain, the handling of prisoners of war,
  and issues relating to the occupation of
  territory.

Click here for the Joint Readiness Training
Center public Web Site
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Mission Rehearsal Exercises

• Rules of Engagement
• Country Briefings
• Local Training Area
• Combat Training Center

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Rules of Engagement (ROE)

• ROE are (DOD) Directives issued by competent
  military authority that delineate the
  circumstances and limitations under which United
  States forces will initiate and/or continue
  combat engagement with other forces encountered.
• Critical to survival and understanding the laws
  of war, the ROE is a fundamental component of
  training for low intensity to high intensity
  conflicts.
• Examples are typically classified, but
  unclassified versions could be here.
• Law of War Website

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Country Briefings

• Country briefings are outstanding resources to
  prepare soldiers for the social, cultural and
  geographical differences in the country of
  deployment.
• CIA World Fact Book

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Local Training Areas (LTA)

• Local training areas afford the commander the
  opportunity to set up situations the unit might
  face when exposed in conflict. Typically, LTAs
  are used as preparations for the intense CTC MREs

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Combat Training Center (CTC)

• The CTCs have become expert establishments for
  housing full scale MREs including cooperative and
  uncooperative OPFOR. Examples include using real
  foreign language speaking actors (who are unable
  to speak any English at all) to simulate the
  environment of foreign countries.
• This page will have info on real CTC MRE lessons
  learned

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