A Nordic Example

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A Nordic Example

• The Development of Wind Power in Denmark
• Presented by
• Jørgen K. Lemming
• Risø DTU

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Content of presentation

• Status for Wind power development in Denmark
• Present policy for wind
• Early Technology development (from small to large
  turbines)
• Resources and Mesurement og Wind
• Test and certification (safety and quality)
• Integration (Grid Access, Wind power and other RE
  resources)
• Industry (turnover for industry, exports)
• Offshore development (large scale)

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Status of development
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Development of Wind Power in Denmark
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Renewable energy policy

• Long term goal
• The share of renewable energy must be increased
  to at least 30 of energy consumption by 2025.
  (EU goal 20 2020).
• Policy Agreement 2008
• The majority of the parties in the Parliament
  agree that renewable energy should cover 20 of
  Danish gross energy consumption in 2011. This
  corresponds to 22.4 renewable energy relative to
  final energy consumption.

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2008 Energy policy Better terms for wind
turbines

• A renewable energy law to create greater
  transparency with respect to the legislative
  framework for the use of renewable energy.
• Better subsidy terms for new onshore wind
  turbines.
• Follow-up of re-powering regulations.
• Wind planning in the municipalities, including a
  green fund for restoring nature.
• 10 million DKK guaranteed financing to local wind
  project preliminary studies, etc.
• Possibility of economic compensation to
  neighbours for loss of property value due to new
  wind turbines.
• Possibility of local joint ownership.
• New offshore wind parks in 2012 tender for 2
  times 200 MW late 2008.
• Action plan for developing offshore wind
  turbines.
• Survey of conditions for small wind turbines.

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Danish Subsidy terms for new wind turbines on
land

• A replacement of the previous price premium of
  0.10 DKK/kWh over the market price with a premium
  of 0.25 DKK/kWh for 22,000 peak load hours. A
  wind turbine at an average inland location
  typically takes about nine years to produce the
  equivalent of 22,000 peak load hours, whereas one
  at a good coastal location will take about seven
  years.
• A continued premium of 0.023 DKK/kWh for
  compensation for balancing costs, etc. as at
  present.
• An additional 0.004 DKK/kWh to cover wind turbine
  owners' contribution to a green fund.
• Scrapping regulations
• New turbines will receive the new price premium
  plus an extra supplement of 0.08 DKK/kWh for the
  first 12,000 peak load hours. The new extra
  premium replaces the current premium of 0.12
  DKK/kWh which was adjusted to 0 DKK/kWh in pace
  with the market price increase from 0.26 to 0.38
  DKK/kWh.

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Support scheme for offshore wind turbines

• Large scale project
• Tender Cheapest, fastest and most beautiful
• Fixed price in 50.000 full load hours 10-15
  years of production
• Lowest bid for Horns Rev 2 app. cent 7 per
  kWh
• Lowest bid Rødsand II (after re-tendering) app.
  cent 8 per kWh
• Other projects
• Premium financed as PSO added on top of market
  price

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New Deployment of Wind Power in DK
Decided offshore Wind Power Anholt 400 MW 2012
Total new installation of Wind Power up 10 2012
1300 MW
New Onshore 2011 75 MW
New Onshore 2010 75 MW

• Existing and approved off-shore capacity (1225
  MW) 12 of total electricity consumption in
  2012.
• Potentials 50 of electricity consumption.

Re-powering 350 MW
Approved Rødsand II 200 MW 2011
Under construction Horns Rev II 200 MW 2009
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Early Danish Technolgy development
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Askov Test center (Poul La Cour 1897)

• Testing of Wind Elcetricity producing Turbines
• Aerodynamics and wind tunnel for experiments
• Consulting and teaching in Electrification of the
  Country

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Udvikling 1958-82

• The Gedser wind turbine operated 1958-68 -
  the ancestor of
• The Danish Wind Turbine Concept
• 3-bladed
• up-wind
• automatic controls
• active yaw
• asynchronous generators
• 1976-1982 - 1. Generation (15-55kW)

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Development of the modern Wind Turbine
Tjæreborg 2MW 1985
2 MW Tvind
Vestas 3 MW
Gedser 200 kW 1959
55 kW
Risager 30 kW 1978
660 kW
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Size of Wind Turbines
Hub height 150 m 100 m 15-20 m
15
?

• Size of commercial wind turbines at first market
  introduction

126 m Ø
80 m Ø
65 m Ø
12 m Ø
85 87 89 91 93 95
97 99 01 04
10 15
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Made by Henrik Stiesdal, Siemens
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Resources and measurement of Wind
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Wind Resource Map for Denmark
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Short-Term Prediction

• Orography
• Roughness
• Wind farm layout

Prediction of wind farm output 12-36 hours ahead
Online data
Numerical Weather Prediction
Prediction model
End user
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The Høvsøre Test Station and the experimental
setup
Research on different types of lidars
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Testing and Certification
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Testing of turbines and Components
Old Risø test site
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Test site at Høvsøre
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Blade Testing
 
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The Danish Technical Certification Scheme for
Design, Manufacture and installation of Wind
Turbines

• History in brief
• System Approval from 1980 -1991
• Type Approval scheme from 1991
• Type approval of wind turbines
• Quality assurance
• Danish Standard DS 472 on Loads and Safety of
  Wind Turbine Constructions
• New Approval Scheme based on IEC WT 01 and
  international standards (61400-xx) ultimo 2004
• New Regulators rules for grid connection July
  2004
• New rules for small Wind turbines lt 5 m2 2007
• New rules for Maintenance of turbines

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IEC Standards and Technical Specifications and
Reports

• IEC 61400-1, ed.3, Safety Requirements
• IEC 61400-2, ed. 2, Safety Req of Small WT (lt
  200m2 rotor)
• IEC 61400-3 Safety of Offshore WT
• IEC 61400-11 Noise Measurements
• IEC 61400-12 Power Curve Measurem.
• IEC/TS 61400-13 Strength Measurements
• IEC 61400-21 Power Quality
• IEC/TS 61400-23 Blade Testing
• IEC/TR 61400-24 Lightning Protection
• IEC WT 01 Certification of WT

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New Maintenance and Service Scheme

• After July 1 2008 all turbines in Denmark have to
  be service by a certified or approved service
  company according to the specification set by the
  manufacture. Except very small.
• Owners must report to the Energinet.dk each time
  a regular service has been carried out and the
  time for the next.
• Spot checks will be carried out.

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Integration
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Production record
January 2005 1076 GWH 32 of total demand. 41
in western Denmark (old Eltra area)
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SYSLAB Distributed Energy System Laboratory
High wind energy penetration

• Distributed control
• Embedded intelligence
• Self-organizing
• Communication
• Flexibility
• FlexHouse
• Demand response
• Vanadium battery
• Hybrid/Electric car

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Danish Industry
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Industry activities

• With two large manufactures in Denmark the Danish
  manufactures still had a large share the world
  market in 2007 (nearly 30 ).
• The largest manufacture was Vestas selling 4,503
  MW in 2007 (22,8 of the world market)
• Siemens/Bonus sold 1,397 MW in 2007 (7.1 of the
  world market).
• The turnover in the wind industry in 2007 was
  more than 65 billion DDK.
• Nearly all of the production of turbines is
  exported for a net value of 35 billion DDK.
• Employing in Denmark more than 23,500 people.

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Offshore development i Denmark
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Offshore development in Denmark

• Vindeby 5 MW (1991)
• Tunø Knob 5 MW (1995)
• Middelgrunden 40 MW (2001)
• Horns Rev I 160 MW (2002)
• Samsoe 23 MW (2003)
• Roenland 17 MW (2003)
• Frederikshavn 10.6 MW (2003)
• Nysted-Roedsand 165 (2003)
• Grenå 6 MW (?)
• Horns Rev II, 200 MW (2010)
• Roedsand II, 200 MW (2011)

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9
2

5
3
10
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1
8
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Danish Pilot projects

• Vindeby
• 1991 11 x 450kW,
• 2-3 km off-shore

• Tunø Knob
• 1995 10 x 500kW,
• 5 -6 km off-shore

Middelgrunden 2001 20 x 2 MW, 1,5-2,5 km
off-shore
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Horns Rev and Nysted Offshore Wind Farms
Distance to land (Horns Rev 14-20 km, Nysted 8-10
Km) 80 wind turbines Internal 36 kV cabling 150
kV cabling to major grid on land
Nysted
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Horns Rev 160MW
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Horns Rev- 80 møller 160 MW
Photos ELSAM A/S
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Development of new foundation types
A Gravaty Foundation
A Monopile
A bucket-foundation
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Plans for future offshore wind farms

• Report on future Offshore sites
• Update of action plan from 1997
• 23 Sites each 44 km2 for a capacity of 4600 MW
  Wind Power
• Production 18 TWh, or just over 8 of total
  energy consumption in Denmark or approximately
  50 of Danish electricity consumption
• http//www.ens.dk/graphics/Publikationer/Havvindmo
  eller/Fremtidens_20havvindm_UKsummery_aug07.pdf

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Thank you for your attention