Exploration and Conquest

1
Wars, Rebellion, and the Rise of Nation States
History 103The West and the World
2
Focus Questions

• What measures did the Roman Catholic Church take
  to reform itself and to combat Protestantism in
  the sixteenth century?
• What role did politics, economic and social
  conditions, and religion play in the European
  wars of the sixteenth century?

3
Protestant Reformation
John Calvin 1509-1564
4
Protestant ReformatonCalvinism

• Original sin . . . appears to be a hereditary
  depravity and corruption of our nature, diffused
  through all the parts of the soul, rendering us
  obnoxious to the Divine wrath, and producing in
  us . . . works of the flesh. Institutes of the
  Christian Religion (p. 229).

5
Protestant ReformationCalvinism

• Predestination we call the eternal degree of
  God, by which he has determined in himself, what
  he would have to become of every individual of
  mankind . . . Eternal life is foreordained for
  some, and eternal damnation for others.
  Institutes of the Christian Religion (p. 145)

6
Religions in Europe
7
Religious Situation in Europe
8
English Reformation
Henry VIII (1491-1547) Reign 1509-1547
Catherine of Aragon 1385-1536
9
English Reformation

• Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell
• Marriage Annulment in English Ecclesiastical
  Court (1533)
• Act of Supremacy (1534), Monarch Declared Supreme
  Head of Church of England
• Treason Act
• Thomas More

10
Jane Seymour
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Catherine Parr
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
11
Edward VI 1547-1553
Mary Tudor 1553-1558
Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Reign 1558-1603
12
Ignatius of Loyola (1490-1556) and the Jesuits

• Biography
• Society of Jesus
• Spiritual Exercises
• Schools and Education

The Miracles of St. Ignatius, Rubens 1617
13
COUNCIL OF TRENT1545-1563

• Internal Reform of Corruption in Church
• Affirms that both Faith Good Works Necessary
  for Salvation
• Intersession of Saints, Indulgences, Purgatory
• Affirms the Importance of Bible Tradition
• Affirms the Validity of Seven Sacraments
• Affirms Transubstantiation

14
Wars of Religion

• Dynastic Religious Political, Religious
  Ideological
• Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555) and Peace of
  Augsburg 1555 cujus regio, ejus religio
• French Wars of Religion,1562-1598
• Revolt in the Netherlands, 1566-1609

15
Hapsburg vs Valois
Francis I, 1494-47 King of France, 1515-47
Charles V, 1500-58 Holy Roman Emperor, 1519-56
16
French Wars of Religion,1562-1598

• Catholic vs Huguenot
• Major Families Valois, Guise, Bourbon
• Henry II (1547-1559) Valois Dynasty
• Francis II (1559-1560)
• Charles IX (1560-1574)
• Henry III (1574-1589)
• Henry IV (1589-1610) Bourbon Dynasty
• Edict of Nantes, 1598

17
Catherine de' Medici 1519-1589
Power Behind the Throne During The French Wars of
Religion
18
St. Bartholomews Day Massacre, August 23, 1572

• Religious Violence
• The Importance of the State in Catholic Revival

19
Henry IV of France 1589-1610
As Duc of Navarre he was the Leader of the
Huguenots. Established the Bourbon Dynasty in
France
20
Philip II 1556-1598
King of Spain and Ruler of the Netherlands and
the Spanish Colonial Empire
21
United Provinces, Spanish Netherlands
22
William of Orange Leads Rebellion in 1568
Duke of Alba Enters Netherlands in 1567
23
The Spanish Armanda, 1588
24
The Thirty Years War
25
Wars of Religion
The Horror of the Religious Wars leaves a lasting
impression on Europe and gives rise to Serious
Debates Over the Issue of Religious
Toleration Big Question What is the Proper
Role of the State in Matters of Religion?