Prentice Hall Biology

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Interest Grabber
Section 36-1
Give Yourself a Hand If youve ever looked at a
construction site, you know that a building is
supported by a framework of beams. Your body also
has a supporting framework. Instead of steel
beams, bones support the human body. The beams
that support a building are attached in a way
that forms a rigid structure. Unlike these beams,
the bones that support the body are connected in
a way that allows them to move.
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Interest Grabber continued
Section 36-1
1. On a sheet of paper, draw an outline of a hand
and arm. 2. Look at your hand and wiggle your
fingers. Can you see how the bones of your hand
move? Within the outline of the hand, draw the
bones of your hand as you think they look.
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• 3. Feel the bones of your forearm and upper arm.
  Is the bone at your elbow part of the upper arm
  or lower arm?
• 4. Move your arm and notice how the bones move.
  Within the outline of the arm, draw the bones of
  your arm as you think they look.

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Section Outline
Section 36-1

• 361 The Skeletal System-primary function is
  support.
• The Skeleton-composed of connective tissue
  (bone). Supports, provides for movement, protects
  internal organs, site of blood cell formation.
  206 bones in adult skeleton.
• Two parts
• Axial skeleton-skull, vertebral column, rib
  cage.
• Appendecular skeleton-arms, legs, pelvis
  shoulders.

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• Structure of Bones-pg 923 Fig. 36-3.
• A network of living cells (osteocytes
  osteoclasts osteoblasts) and protein fibers
  surrounded by deposits of calcium salts.
• Development of Bones.
• Cartilage.
• Ossification.

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• D. Types of Joints-places where 2 bones meet.
• 1. Immovable (fixed) Joints-no movement ex. skull
• 2. Slightly Movable Joints-restricted movement
  ex. Lower leg bones, vertebrae.
• 3. Freely Movable Joints-permit movement in one
  or more directions.
• Ball socket-shoulder hip.
• Hinge-elbow knee.
• Pivot-lower arm/leg neck where it joins the
  skull.
• Saddle-thumb.

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• E. Structure of Joints.
• Cartilage.
• Fibrous joint capsule filled with synovial fluid.
• Ligaments hold joint together.
• May have bursa.
• Skeletal System Disorders.
• Strains sprains-joint injuries.
• Bursitis-inflammation and swelling of bursa.
• Arthritis-destruction of cartilage.
• Osteoporosis-bone loss.

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The Skeletal System
Section 36-1
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
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Figure 36-3 The Structure of Bone
Section 36-1
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Figure 36-4 Freely Movable Joints and Their
Movements
Section 36-1
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Pivot Joint
Hinge Joint
Saddle Joint
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Figure 36-5 Knee Joint
Section 36-1
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They Can Pull But They Cant PushHold your arm
out straight and parallel to the floor. Now,
make a muscle. As you flex your biceps muscle,
notice what happens to the rest of your arm.
Interest Grabber
Section 36-2
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1. Describe what happened to your arm as you
flexed your biceps muscle.2. Using Figures 362
and 364 in your textbook as reference, draw the
bones and joints of the arm and shoulder. Draw
in the biceps muscle and show the places where
you think the biceps muscle is connected to the
bones.3. Explain why you think the biceps
muscle is attached as shown in your drawing.
Interest Grabber continued
Section 36-2
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Section Outline
Section 36-2

• 362 The Muscular System.
• A. Types of Muscle Tissue.
• 1. Skeletal Muscles-voluntary-move the
  bones-alternating smooth and dark bands-aka
  striated-large-many nuclei-aka muscle fibers.
• 2. Smooth Muscles-involuntary-intestines,
  arteries-spindle-shaped-one nuclei-not striated.
• 3. Cardiac Muscle-involuntary-heart-striated-small
  er than muscle cells-one/two nuclei.

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Section Outline
Section 36-2

• B. Muscle Contraction-slide video.
• Muscle fibers made of myofibrils.
• Myofibrils made of thick and thin filaments.
• Thick filaments made of myosin.
• Thin filaments made of actin.
• A unit of a thick and thin filament is a
  sarcomere.

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• C. Control of Muscle Contraction-neuromuscular
  junction acetylcholine.
• D. How Muscles and Bones Interact-Muscles are
  joined to bones by tendons. Joints are fulcrums.
  Muscles pulling on bones cause the bone to act as
  a lever. Muscles work in opposing pairs.
• E.Exercise and Health-regular exercise is
  necessary to maintain muscle strength and
  flexibility.

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Figure 36-7 Skeletal Muscle Structure
Section 36-2
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Cycle Diagram
Section 36-2
1
Myosin forms cross-bridge with actin
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2
Myosin returns to original shape
Cross-bridge changes shape
3
4
Cross-bridge releases actic
Actin pulled
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Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
Relaxed Muscle
Z line
Myosin
Actin
Z line
Movement of Actin Filament
Actin
Cross-bridge
Sarcomore
Binding sites
Myosin
Contracted Muscle
Cross-bridges
Z line
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Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
Relaxed Muscle
Z line
Myosin
Actin
Z line
Movement of Actin Filament
Actin
Cross-bridge
Sarcomore
Binding sites
Myosin
Contracted Muscle
During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a
myosin filament attaches to a binding site on
actin, forming a cross-bridge.
Cross-bridges
Z line
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Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
Relaxed Muscle
Z line
Myosin
Actin
Z line
Movement of Actin Filament
Actin
Cross-bridge
Sarcomore
Binding sites
Myosin
Contracted Muscle
During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a
myosin filament attaches to a binding site on
actin, forming a cross-bridge.
Powered by ATP, the myosin cross-bridge changes
shape and pulls the actin filament toward the
center of the sarcomere.
Cross-bridges
Z line
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Figure 36-8 Muscle Contraction
Section 36-2
Relaxed Muscle
Z line
Myosin
Actin
Z line
Movement of Actin Filament
Actin
Cross-bridge
Sarcomore
Binding sites
Myosin
Contracted Muscle
During muscle contraction, the knoblike head of a
myosin filament attaches to a binding site on
actin, forming a cross-bridge.
Powered by ATP, the myosin cross-bridge changes
shape and pulls the actin filament toward the
center of the sarcomere.
The cross-bridge is broken, the myosin binds to
another site on the actin filament, and the cycle
begins again.
Cross-bridges
Z line
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Video 1
Video 1
Muscle Contraction, Part 1
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Video 2
Video 2
Muscle Contraction, Part 2
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Figure 36-11 Opposing Muscle Pairs
Section 36-2
Movement
Movement
Biceps (relaxed)
Biceps (contracted)
Triceps (relaxed)
Triceps (relaxed)
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Interest Grabber
Section 36-3
Your Suit of Armor A suit of armor protected a
knight from injuries in battle. Imagine what it
would be like to wear a suit of armor. For one
thing, it would feel very heavy. And youd
probably make a great deal of noise every time
you moved. In some ways, your skin is like a suit
of armor. It isnt as strong, but it has many
advantages over metal armor.
Work with a partner to make a list of functions
of the skin. It may help you to think about a
suit of armor and compare the skins functions
with those of armor.
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Section Outline
Section 36-3

• 363 The Integumentary System-barrier against
  infection and injury regulates temperature
  removes waste products protects from UV.
• A. The Skin-transmits sensory data of pressure,
  heat, cold and pain.
• 1. Epidermis-upper layers are dead. Lower layers
  are living and produce upper layers. Lower layers
  also produce keratin and contain melanocytes.
• Dermis-contains collagen fibers, blood vessels,
  nerve endings, glands (sweat sebaceous),
  sensory receptors, smooth muscles and hair
  follicles.
• Layer of fat (hypodermis)
• 3. Skin Cancer

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• B. Hair and Nails-made primarily of keratin.
• 1.Hair -Protects scalp from UV, provides
  insulation, prevents dirt and insects from
  entering nose, ears and eyes.
• 2.Nails-grow from nail root. Protects tips of
  fingers and toes.

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Concept Map
Section 36-3
Skin
functions as a
is made up of the
which is the
which is the
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Figure 36-13 The Structure of Skin
Section 36-3
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Video Contents
Videos

• Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
• Muscle Contraction, Part 1
• Muscle Contraction, Part 2

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Internet
Go Online

• Links from the authors on making artificial skin
• Interactive test
• For links on bones and joints, go to
  www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
  follows cbn-0361.
• For links on muscle contraction, go to
  www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
  follows cbn-0362.

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Section 1 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. On a sheet of paper, draw an outline of a hand
and arm. 2. Look at your hand and wiggle your
fingers. Can you see how the bones of your hand
move? Within the outline of the hand, draw the
bones of your hand as you think they
look. 3. Feel the bones of your forearm and upper
arm. Is the bone at your elbow part of the upper
arm or lower arm? 4. Move your arm and notice
how the bones move. Within the outline of the
arm, draw the bones of your arm as you think they
look. Students drawings of fingers and arm
bones will likely be fairly accurate. Students
should be able to tell that the elbow is part of
one of the bones of the lower arm. Students may
not be able to tell that the hand is made up of
many small bones.
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Section 2 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Describe what happened to your arm as you
flexed your biceps muscle. The forearm was drawn
up and the biceps bulged.2. Using Figures 362
and 364 in your textbook as reference, draw the
bones and joints of the arm and shoulder. Draw
in the biceps muscle and show the places where
you think the biceps muscle is connected to the
bones. Origins the humerus. Insertions upper
radius.3. Explain why you think the biceps
muscle is attached as shown in your
drawing. Muscles pull. To pull the forearm up,
the biceps must be attached to a bone in the
upper arm and to a bone in the forearm.
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Section 3 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
Work with a partner to make a list of functions
of the skin. It may help you to think about a
suit of armor and compare the skins functions
with those of armor. Students will likely list
that the skin keeps germs and dirt out of the
body it can sense the bodys surroundings and
it is flexible, which allows the body to move.
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End of Custom Shows

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