Organic Molecules

1
Chapter 3
2
Organic Molecules

1. Carbon based
2. Carbon and outer electrons
3. Share 4 covalent bonds

3
Organic Molecules

1. Hydrocarbons
2. Carbon skeleton
3. Isomers
4. Nonpolar molecules

4
Functional Groups

1. Atoms that usually participate in reactions.
2. Polar
3. Hydrophilic

5
Functional Groups

• Types
• Hydroxyl -OH
• Carbonyl CO

6
Functional Groups

• Types
• Carboxyl -COOH
• Amino -NH2
• Phosphate -OPO3-2

7
Macromolecules

• Polymers
• 2. Dehydration reaction
• 3. Hydrolysis

8
Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides
• Simple sugar
• Form polysaccharides
• Multiples of CH2O
• Glucose

9
Carbohydrates

• Disaccharides
• 2 monosaccharides
• Sucrose

10
Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides
• Polymers of monosaccharides
• Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose

11
Fig. 2.14
12
Lipids

• C H linked by nonpolar covalent bonds
• Hydrophobic
• Fats
• Glycerol
• Fatty acids

13
Fig. 2.16
14
Lipids

• Energy storage
• Triglyceride
• 3 fatty acids
• 1 glycerol

15
Lipids

• Fatty acids
• Saturated
• Maximum number of Hydrogen
• Animal fats
• Unsaturated
• Less than maximum number of Hydrogen
• Corn oil, olive oil, vegetable oil

16
Lipids

• Fatty acids
• Trans fats
• Saturated fats are solid at room temperature
• Saturated fats and trans fats cause plaques in
  walls of blood vessels.

17
Lipids

• Fatty acids
• Phospholipids
• Phosphorus
• 2 fatty acids
• Waxes
• 1 fatty acid
• Alcohol

18
Fig. 2.18
19
Lipids

• Fatty acids
• Steroids
• Carbon skeleton is bent to form 4 fused rings
• Found in animal cell membranes, other steroids,
  and male sex hormones

20
Lipids

• Fatty acids
• Anabolic steroids
• Synthetic
• Mimic male sex hormones
• Overdose
• Violent mood swings
• Depression
• Liver damage
• Cancer

21
Lipids

• Fatty acids
• Anabolic steroids
• Synthetic
• Mimic male sex hormones
• Overdose
• Increase in blood pressure
• Increase in cardiovascular problems

22
Lipids

• Fatty acids
• Anabolic steroids
• Synthetic
• Mimic male sex hormones
• Overdose
• Decrease in production of normal male hormones
• In women-menstral disruption and development of
  male characteristics

23
Proteins

• Polymer constructed of amino acids
• Functions
• Structure of cells
• Enzymes
• Defensive proteins
• Signals
• Transport
• Storage

24
Proteins

1. Elaborate and diverse in structure function
2. Peptide bonds
3. Most are at least 100 amino acids in length.

25
Proteins

• Shape determines function
• Enzymes are globular
• Structural are fibrous
• Denaturation

26
Proteins

• Structure of proteins
• Primary
• Unique sequence of amino acids
• Long chain

27
Proteins

• Structure of proteins
• Secondary
• Coil or fold
• Alpha helix
• Pleated sheet
• Regularly spaced hydrogen bonds

28
Proteins

• Structure of proteins
• Tertiary
• 3-dimensional
• Globular/fibrous
• Covalent bonds called disulfide bonds
• Interactions among the R groups of the amino acids

29
Fig. 2.22
30
Nucleic Acids

• DNA
• RNA
• Composition
• Nucleotide
• 5 carbon sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen base

31
Nucleic Acids

• Shape
• DNA is double helix
• RNA is single strand