Membranous Canals and Vacuoles:

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• Membranous Canals and Vacuoles
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER RER), Golgi
  Apparatus, Vacuoles and Lysosomes.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Saccules and tubular canals.
• Network of folded internal membranes.
• ER located between the nucleus and the golgi
  apparatus.

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• The ER is a made up of phospholipid bilayer
  membranes.
• The ER membrane continuous with the outer
  membrane of nuclear envelope.
• The internal space of ER is called the ER lumen.
• There are 2 types of ER
• Rough ER - has ribosomes attached to the outer
  membrane, and tends to be more in 'sheets'.
• Smooth ER - Does not have ribosomes and tends to
  be a tubular network.

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Function

• Responsible for the biosynthesis of
• lipids for constructing new membranes.
• Proteins (via ribosomes).
• Complex carbohydrates.
• Important for protein, CHO lipid synthesis
  modification.
• It is a transport network for molecules.
• There is a LARGE amount of transfer between ER
  and Golgi, which occurring through transport
  vesicles.

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RER Function Protein synthesis
by----------- Ribosomes small, dense granules,
some are on the outer membrane of ER, others are
'free' in the cytoplasm polyribosomes. All
composed of two subunits large small Each
composed of protein rRNA. Function Responsible
for protein synthesis. Smooth ER Which lacks
ribosomes, and is a mesh of smaller
interconnecting tubules. Function according to
the cell location Lipid synthesis (steroid in
testes) In liver detoxification (peroxisomes)
contains oxidative enzymes.

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Peroxisomes Special vacuoles often attached to
smooth ER. Use oxygen to carry out catabolic
reactions, in both plant and animals. Oxidative
enzymes associated with peroxisomes. These
enzymes produce and degrade hydrogen
peroxide These enzymes are capable of detoxifying
drugs. The main functions of peroxisomes in liver
cells is detoxification. Oxidation of substances
like Alcohol which is converted to
acetaldehyde by oxidation.
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Golgi Apparatus It composed of a stack and
flattened saccules, Cisternae look like
pancakes. The inner face is directed toward the
ER and the outer face is directed towered the
plasma membrane. Vesicles occur at the edges of
the saccules. In animal cells, Golgi complex also
manufactures lysosomes Important for
modification, packaging secretion. Important in
the transport inside the cell.
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• Golgi complex

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Lysosomes Digestive sacs bounded by membrane. A
crystal like matrix in spherical vesicles. These
are small organelles containing around 40 enzymes
for intercellular digestion. Contain
hydrolytic enzymes (digestion). Only found in
animal cells. The structures vary in size from
0.2 to 2 µm in diameter. The lysosome membrane
helps to protect the cell.
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Lysosomes Functions

• Macromolecules brought into a cell by
  endocytosis fuses with lysosomes (2nd lysosomes)
  which digest it.
• Autodigestion is important during development,
  ei. Webbed finger in human embryo.
• Lysosomes are important in engulfing bacteria.
• Tay-Sachs disease a metabolic disorder, of
  missing or inactive lysosomes.

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• Lysosomes

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Mitochondria

• These are mobile and flexible organelles.
• In some cells they tend to stay in a fixed
  position, where there will be a need for a high
  amount of ATP production, such as, near flagella
  or between myofibrils of muscle.
• They have 2 membranes, the inner membranes form
  projections called cristae.
• Contain matrix.
• Cristae and matrix contain enzymes for aerobic
  respiration

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Function convert glucose into usable energy.
(ATP production). CHO O2
CO2 H2O Mitochondria
called powerhouses of the cell. Site of aerobic
cellular respiration. Place important role in
apoptosis The mitochondria major role is ATP
production in the eukaryotic cell.
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