Pietro Greco - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 78
About This Presentation
Title:

Pietro Greco

Description:

International Sociological Association's Research Committee on Sociology of ... By environmentalists and feminists, i. e., the generate new views of science and ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:70
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 79
Provided by: Gre4153
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Pietro Greco


1
  • Science communication
  • and society
  • Pietro Greco
  • Bagnoli
  • September 4, 2008

2
SC, born of the linear models
  • The origin of Science and Technology Studies
    (STS)
  • 1972
  • A Conference in London
  • International Sociological Associations Research
    Committee on Sociology of Science
  • British Sociological Association
  • 1974
  • A libro
  • Richard Whitley,
  • Social Processes of Scientific Development
  • Routledge
  • The development of scientific knowledge
  • Its non a question to leave only philosophers
    and historians
  • We may have (also) a sociological interpretation

3
SC, born of the linear models
  • The 60s are the years of conquest of space.
  • The man is on the Moon.
  • But 60s are also the years of
  • Rachel Carson, Silent Spring.
  • 68, the controversy on science neutrality.
  • Club di Roma, The Limits of Growth
  • In the other words, the 60s are the years of the
    science criticism
  • The 60s are also the years of inside and
    outside science world public science
    communication
  • Inside STS, public science communication appears
    as the communication where science shows its best
    and obtains a wide social acceptability.

4
SC, born of the linear models
  • The first actions of the STS actors and the idea
    of a communication linear model between
    scientists and general publics is developing just
    in 60s and 70s.
  • The researches generally are appointed to science
    popularization (divulgazione).
  • And STS researchers think to have no study to do
    in such dominion

5
SC, born of the linear models
  • The explicative model obtained from the general
    studies on communication - is based on the
    assertions
  • Scientists produce the pure scientific knowledge
  • The scientific knowledge must be communicated by
    scientists in a simple way so that it appears
    understandable and, so, acceptable to general
    public.
  • The general public is described as
  • As a compact and undifferentiated whole of
    unities
  • And confined in the role of essentially passive
    user (receptor) of communication.

6
SC, born of the linear models
  • This model contains an intrinsic hierarchic
    structure.
  • There is a scientific knowledge separated from
    popular knowledge at a higher level because its
    intrinsic form and unique rationality
  • In the model
  • Scientific knowledge is characterized by an
    intrinsic complexity,
  • Popular knowledge is characterized by an
    intrinsic simplicity.
  • So, in the science and society communication
  • the flux of information is mono directional
  • by producer to user.
  • In this play, scientist is the only expert.

7
SC, born of the linear models
  • Effects
  • Science communication is reduced to simple
    translation
  • General public is the carrier of a knowledge
    deficit
  • The gap can be partially exceeded
  • The public refuses science because its knowledge
    deficit
  • The alphabetization of public automatically
    determine a higher social acceptability of
    science.
  • And this is good thing

8
The Amazon River Model
9
SC, born of the linear models
  • Although the model is already criticized in the
    70s, STS are substantially accepted.
  • So we have researches about
  • The degree of scientific rationality
  • The institutional character of science,
  • The need of a pocket of a basic scientific
    knowledge
  • In other words they search for the best quality
    of translation.
  • Nobody searches for implicit and symbolic
    communication, i.e. images and metaphoric
    languages.
  • Few researchers think that such a mono
    directional communication produces two unwished
    effects
  • Gives to general public the (not true) impression
    that its possible to go in sancta sanctorum of
    science by a very easy way
  • And, in the same time, it increases the distance
    between scientists and not scientists.

10
SC, born of the linear models
  • But, already in the 70s, the linear model of SC
    is criticized.
  • By environmentalists and feminists, i. e., the
    generate new views of science and of relations
    between science and society.
  • They call for alternative forms of knowledge in
    the decision making processes
  • The neutrality of science and technology
    expertise is criticized.
  • ST studies on scientific controversies and of
    work in laboratory show how scientific
    evidences are highly constructed. The analysis
    of communication system (inside and outside
    science) show that essence and meaning of
    scientific knowledge are often negotiated.

11
SC, born of the linear models
  • These and others facts show that popularizing
    science
  • Is not a simplified knowledge,
  • But its a very complex building process of the
    public image of science.
  • Daniel Jacobi e Bernard Schiele write what is
    important is that
  • Is there a public science communication system,
  • Not that the information is (must be) highly
    correct.

12
SC, born of the linear models
  • On the contrary, many ST researchers think
  • The popularizing science is (must be) a medium to
    influence politics and society
  • Or (a finest idea), a medium to produce icons of
    truth, to carry the non explicit and non
    deliberative dimensions of science.
  • In any case as something that is widely dominated
    and shaped by science
  • But
  • But in general public is increasing demand to
    participate to technoscience governance

13
SC, born of the linear models
  • So its non surprising that now linear models (as
    the Public Understanding of Science) are
    definitively criticized also in STS environment.
  • Empirical studies show that the deficit model
    doesnt work
  • The social acceptability of science doesnt
    necessarily increase in a more alphabetized
    public.
  • Often it decrease

14
Beyond the Top-down The contextual model
  • The public is not a empty bottle
  • Social and psychological determinants in science
    perceptions
  • Recognize the contexts
  • Sometimes there is a more sophisticated version
    of top-down model
  • They say transmit information in more friendly
    way

15
Beyond the Top-down The participative model or
dialogue
  • Public engagement
  • Guidance for not expert publics
  • More politics and more information
  • Processes and non simple facts of science
  • Attention for small groups of persons
  • Attention to anti-scientific perception

16
Search for new models, non linear
  • Ulrike Felt, 2003
  • We need a new model to
  • Explaining and governance of processes of
    globalization of knowledge.
  • Give to public science in a more wide conception
    (Public Understanding of Science and Humanities)
  • To leave linear ideas
  • Put science in a new agorà where are intercative
    forces with a wide types of cultural exchanges
    and creations of a context where wills, wishes,
    inclinations, needs are expressed together with
    precise questions.
  • A space where criticism and also controversies
    are non only permitted, but also promoted.

17
Toward a new model
  • The Venezia (Venice) Model

18
Science as a social institution
  • By a sociological point of view science its
    possible define science as a social institution
    to build a rational opinion consensus in as wider
    as possible field Ziman.
  • Every scientific process can be formalized only
    in two stadia
  • - the scientist that watch nature
  • and
  • - - scientist that communicates the results of
    his observations.

19
No sciencewithout communication
  • Its impossible to make science without a process
    with the two stadia
  • The private stadium of observation
  • The public stadium of communication
  • In other words, there is no
    science without comunication.

20
The whole of science communication
21
Evolving science
  • The scientific work is an evolving system

22
Three main transitionsin the Republic of
Science
  • 1600 -1800 gt dilettantistic era
  • 1800 1945 gt academic era
  • 1945 ? gt post-academic era

23
The second transition
  • After Second World War began a new transition
  • Academic Science
  • Post-Academic Science

24
Post-Academic Science
  • Changed the structure
  • More resourses
  • The research (basic, also) is the lever of the
    economic development
  • Bigger groups (Big Science)
  • The State from Mecenate to buyer

25
New resources
26
(No Transcript)
27
Three structural changes
  • In the last 15 years
  • Increase funding in RD
  • From 300 to 1.100 billion of dollars
  • Increase private funding
  • Change ratio public/private
  • From a bipolar to a multipolar world
  • China and other asiatic tigers
  • Science is no more a transatlantic play but more
    and more an indopacific play

28
1. The world spends more
  • 1.100 billions dollars a year in RD

Expense increases three times in the last 15 years
29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
2. A multipolar world
  • In the last 15 years
  • Increase funding in RD
  • From 300 to 1.100 billion of dollars
  • Increase private funding
  • Change ratio public/private
  • From a bipolar to a multipolar world
  • China and other Asiatic tigers
  • Science is no more a transatlantic play but more
    and more an Indopacific play

32
2006China over Japan
33
China
  • Cina
  • Investimenti RS 136 miliardi seconda
  • Crescita investimenti RS 20
    prima
  • Export hi-tech 12,5 seconda

34
RD
  • growth
  • Usa 328 3,9
  • Europe 240 4,8
  • China 136 20,4
  • Japan 129 4,5
  • Germany 60 3,5
  • Italy 19 0

35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
Africa, is walking
  • Africa Oceania
  • 6 of global RS expenditure
  • South Africa
  • Nigeria
  • Ruanda

38
3. Private Research
  • In the last 15 years
  • Increase funding in RD
  • From 300 to 1.100 billion of dollars
  • Increase private funding
  • Change ratio public/private
  • From a bipolar to a multipolar world
  • China and other asiatic tigers
  • Science is no more a transatlantic play but more
    and more an indopacific play

39
(No Transcript)
40
New values (by Ziman)
41
  • New figures
  • Craig Venter
  • Scientist-manager

42
The fall of Ivory Tower
  • So, after World WAR II we have main change in
    Republic of Science.
  • Particularly, the substantial separation between
    science (academic science) and society, begins a
    thick web of science in society and society in
    science.

43
Participation to choices
  • In the new post-academic era,
  • Scientists take relevant decisions for science
    development
  • not in integral autonomy,
  • but more and more
  • in participation
  • with a series of social groups (publics)
    of
    not-expert.

44
A new role for SC
  • In the post-academic era
  • the
  • public communication of science
  • gets a new role

45
SC in the post-academic era of science
  • In the post-academic era of science the public
    communication is no more an optional for
    scientists and begins a professional necessity

46
The post-academic scientist
  • must
  • (to know)
  • communicate
  • to public
  • (to publics)
  • of not-experts
  • The public communication is an ineludible
    complements of the research

47
The relevant communication
48
Science communicationand (is) democracy
  • In the post-academic era of science
  • The public of not-experts need
  • science communication
  • Because
  • Increase social impact of science and technology
  • Technoscience enters in daily life, at individual
    and collective levels, of people
  • So, scientific information for general public
    begins a primary need of democracy

49
The PSC needsThe scientific citizenship
  • This is the new
  • public communication of science is a diffuse
    social need
  • Expression of the right to scientific
    citizenship
  • In the new post-academic era of science the flux
    of communication between scientific community and
    society is more and more bidirectional.
  • Society, in its different dimensions, (politics,
    economics, cultural), communicates its
    needs to scientific community.
  • Take relevant choices.

50
The scientific citizenship
  • ì
  • Four dimensions
  • Cultural
  • Social
  • Political
  • Economic

51
Public communication of science
52
Public communication of science
  • No more tinsel, but relevant element for science
    development
  • No more tinsel, but relevant element for
    cultural, economic, social and political
    development of whole society

53
Crisis of linear model
  • Public Understanding of Science (PUS)
  • Out the science world is the public of
    not-expert.
  • The public has a scientific knowledge deficit
  • The more the public knows science, the more take
    the scientific values and begins a friend of
    science
  • New Venice Model
  • There are many and many publics of science
  • Every public participates with its culture to
    take relevant decisions for science
  • Every public in the normal dynamics of society is
    carrying different but legitimate interests

54
From Amazon River Model to Venice Model
55
A complex modelThe archipelago of SC
  • We can imagine the science public communication
    system as an archipelago of social islands
    connected by many and many different bridges

56
The archipelago of SC
  • with a bidirectional flux of
  • information,
  • cognitions,
  • emotions,
  • values,
  • themata
  • Relevant Islands
  • Scientists
  • Technicians
  • Politicians
  • Managers
  • NGO
  • Artists
  • Mass Media
  • General public

57
Communication Communications
58
Media All News
59
MediaScience and technology
60
Specific scientific issue
61
(No Transcript)
62
Arts disseminates science
  • The Fuga in Egitto The galilean sky of Adam
    Elsheimer

63
Arts and science take The spirit of time
  • Picasso, 1906/1907
  • Damigelle dAvignone
  • The end of concept of absolute space
  • Einstein, 1905

64
Arts inspire science
65
Science and advertisingThe building of public
perception
66
The image of Aids
67
The Venice modeldifferent bridges between the
islands
68
Venice, a complex systema
  • The science communication is a complex social
    system
  • Many elements
  • Many connections

69
(No Transcript)
70
The complex and adaptive system of SC
71
  • An exemple
  • The third stream
  • or third mission
  • of university

72
The (possible) mission of a science meuseum
73
The science museuma possible mission
  • To build the scientific citizenship
  • Political
  • Cultural
  • Economic
  • Social networks with
  • University
  • School
  • Society

74
In the archipelago of SC
  • In the archipelago of communication of science
  • No absolute limits
  • No absolute laws
  • No absolute models

75
Only a special difficulty
  • science, specially mathematized science, uses a
    language that is not a common language and
    principally a logics far from common sense.
  • In science communication rules an indetermination
    principle
  • ?R x ?C k
  • R rigour
  • C communicability
  • k costant

76
Every bridge a K
  • Every bridge between islands in the archipelago
    of science communication is characterized from a
    specific K
  • Every bridge a K

77
The value of k
  • The best practices in communications must
    minimize - in every context
  • The value of k
  • The value of quality of science
    communication
  • The smallest is K, the greatest is culture
    and/or democracy

78
Il sistema Venezia dalla metafora alla teoria
  • Non bastano le buone pratiche
  • Occorre capire
  • Una teoria della comunicazione
  • Una teoria nasce anche dal confronto di ipotesi
    diverse e persino opposte
  • Un modello utile per la simulazione
  • Ricerche empiriche
  • Un istituto nazionale per lo studio dei rapporti
    scienza e società
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com