Exploration and Expansion

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Exploration and Expansion
CHAPTER 16

• Section 1 The Scientific Revolution
• Section 2 The Foundations of European
  Exploration
• Section 3 Voyages of Portugal and Spain
• Section 4 The Spanish and Dutch Empires

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Objectives
Section 1
The Scientific Revolution

• Identify the factors that contributed to the
  Scientific Revolution.
• Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
  challenged traditional thought.
• Describe some of the important scientific
  discoveries of this period.

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From Magic to Science
Section 1
The Scientific Revolution

• Roger Bacon favored a system of scientific
  experimentation
• Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation,
  and discovery

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• Roger Bacon was one of the first philosophers,
  and leading scholars of his time in the 1200,s to
  favor a system of scientific experimentation,
  rather than accept religious ideas and ancient
  beliefs of the past as a way of finding truth.
• He was an alchemist.
• These people would spells and magic formulas to
  try and change one substance to another for
  example- turning lead into gold.

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• What would help to cause the Scientific
  Revolution?
• The spirit of the Renaissance would encourage
  curiosity, investigation, and discovery.
• People would begin to use experiments and
  mathematics to try and help them understand the
  mysteries of the world.

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The New Study of Nature
Section 1
The Scientific Revolution

• The scientific method would begin to be used
  during the scientific revolution.
• Scientists would use new instruments such as the
  barometer, microscope, telescope, air pump, and
  thermometer to conduct their experiments.

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Copernicus

• In the 1st century A.D. the astronomer Ptolemy
  originally stated that the earth was the center
  of the universe.
• This was called the geocentric theory. This is
  where everything in the universe revolves around
  the earth.
• This was the accepted belief for many centuries.
• Copernicus Heliocentric theory- sun center of
  the universe.

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Johannes Kepler

• Helped to prove Copernicuss theory through
  models, observation, and mathematics

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Galileo GalileiAlso helped to prove the
heliocentric theory of Copernicus
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Isaac Newton

• Issac Newton would build on the ideas of
  Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.
• Someone had to explain why the planets revolve
  around the sun.
• We needed to understand the science behind these
  new ideas.
• Law of motion- Object at rest remains at rest
  unless it is acted upon by another force.
• Law of gravitation- Basically all bodies attract
  each other. The force of this attraction can be
  measured.
• Newtons Laws are still used greatly in modern
  science

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Andreas Vesalius

• Studied in Great detail the human anatomy.
• Did many dissections of the human body.

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Astronomy, Physics, and Anatomy
Section 1
The Scientific Revolution

• Kepler and Galileo proved Copernicus theory
  and invented telescope
• Newton laws of motion and gravitation
• Vesalius and Harvey studied anatomy and
  circulation

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The Triumph of the New Science
Section 1
The Scientific Revolution

• Descartes I think, therefore I am.
• Francis Bacon
• Other scientific discoveries calculus,
  microscope, chemistry

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Objectives
Section 2
The Foundations of European Exploration

• Identify technological advances that made
  European exploration possible.
• Describe the effect of the Commercial Revolution.
• Explain the role mercantilism played in the
  colonies.

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Improvements in Technology
Section 2
The Foundations of European Exploration

• Mapmaking
• Navigation development of compass
• New ships traveled farther, faster, and under
  greater variety of weather conditions

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Economic Changes
Section 2
The Foundations of European Exploration

• Commercial Revolution standardization of money
  encouraged international trade and banking

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Mercantilism
Section 2
The Foundations of European Exploration

• Balance of trade to increase countrys wealth
  tariffs, subsidies
• The role of colonies colonies were not allowed
  to manufacture or import goods

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Social Change
Section 2
The Foundations of European Exploration

• Curiosity and spirit of discovery
• Hope of wealth or better way of life
• Escape religious persecution or spread religion

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Objectives
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Describe what the early Portuguese explorers
  accomplished.
• Discuss how the voyages of Christopher Columbus
  influenced the world.
• Explain why the Atlantic slave trade prospered.

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Portugals First Explorers
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Africa slave, gold, ivory trade
• Dias and Vasco da Gama overseas trade route to
  India and East Indies

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Christopher Columbus
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Landed at San Salvadore

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The Impact of Columbus Voyages
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Columbian Exchange American foods were
  introduced in Europe Spanish brought horses to
  the Americas smallpox and other diseases

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Dividing the New Lands
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Treaty of Tordesillas Spain took most of
  Central and South America and Philippines
  Portugal claimed lands in Africa, Asia, and East
  Indies

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Vespucci, Balboa, and Magellan
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Vespucci explored America
• Balboa South Sea
• Magellan Pacific Ocean proved that the western
  lands were a New World, not a part of Asia

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Portuguese Expansion
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Conquered lands in East Indies allowed
  Portuguese to control others access to Asian
  goods and markets

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The Slave Trade
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Triangular trade merchants shipped goods to
  Africa, slaves were sent to the Americas,
  merchants sent products to Europe
• African kingdoms and slavery not all African
  kingdoms participated in slave trade, some native
  populations in Africa were depleted

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The Portuguese Empire Weakens
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain
  expansion and colonization

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Objectives
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• Describe how Spain extended its power abroad and
  at home.
• Explain why the Dutch were successful in the
  1600s.
• Analyze why the Spanish Empire declined.

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Spains Colonial Empire
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• Conquests Cortés conquered Tenochtitlán and
  built Mexico City in its place
• Colonial government and society horses, guns,
  disease weakened native Aztec populations Spain
  grew wealthy

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Spains Colonial Rivals
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• French, Dutch, and English wanted a share of
  Spains wealth and lands

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Charles V
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• Holy Roman Emperor had conflicting demands
  between being king of Spain, supporting German
  aims, and defending Christian Europe
• Divided lands among members of his family

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Philip II
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• King of Spain controlled every facet of
  government, directed Spanish Inquisition

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The Rise of the Dutch
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• The Netherlands break from Spain practiced
  guerrilla warfare northern provinces declared
  independence from Spain
• Dutch society seafaring people, religious
  tolerance, lively cultural center
• The Dutch colonial empire trade was controlled
  by Dutch East India Company did not force their
  own culture or religious beliefs on other
  societies

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The Spanish Empire Declines
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• Growing population
• Increased costs and shortage of food, clothing,
  and housing
• Expulsion of Jews and Moriscos many skilled
  bankers, business people, commercial leaders and
  artisans
• Flow of money out of Spain